DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Development and Application of the Backward-tracking Model Analyzer to Track Physical and Chemical Processes of Air Parcels during the Transport

대기오염물질의 이동경로상 물리화학적 변화 추적을 위한 Backward-tracking Model Analyzer 방법론 마련

  • Bae, Minah (Ajou University, Department of Environmental Engineering) ;
  • Kim, Hyun Cheol (Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) ;
  • Kim, Byeong-Uk (Georgia Environmental Protection Division) ;
  • Kim, Soontae (Ajou University, Department of Environmental Engineering)
  • Received : 2017.02.13
  • Accepted : 2017.04.07
  • Published : 2017.06.30

Abstract

An Eulerian-Lagrangian hybrid modeling system to analyze physical and chemical processes during the transport of air parcels was developed. The Backward-tracking Model Analyzer (BMA) was designed to take advantages of both Eulerian and Lagrangian modeling approaches. Simulated trajectories from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration HYSPLIT model were combined with the US Environmental Protection Agency Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ)-simulated concentrations and additional diagnostic analyses. In this study, we first introduced a generalized methodology to seamlessly match polylines (HYSPLIT) and threedimensional polygons (CMAQ), which enables mass-conservative analyses of physio-chemical processes of transporting air parcels. Two applications of the BMA were conducted: (1) a long-range transport case of pollutant plume across the Yellow Sea using CMAQ Integrated Process Rate analyses, and (2) a domestic circulation of pollutants within (and near) the South Korea based on the sulfate tracking analyzer. The first episode demonstrated a secondary formation of nitrate and ammonium during the transport over the Yellow Sea while sulfate is mostly transported after being formed over the China, and the second episode demonstrated a dominant impact of boundary condition with active sulfate formation from gas-phase oxidation near the Seoul Metropolitan Area.

Keywords

References

  1. Bartnicki, J. (1999). Computing source-receptor matrices with the EMEP Eulerian Acid Deposition Model. EMEP MSC-W Note, 5, 99.
  2. Benjey, W., M. Houyoux, and J. Susick (2001) Implementation of the SMOKE emission data processor and SMOKE tool input data processor in Models-3, US EPA.
  3. Byun, D.W. and K.L. Schere (2013) Review of the Governing Equations, Computational Algorithms, and Other Components of the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System, Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 53(9), 1689-1699. https://doi.org/10.1021/ci400128m
  4. Chou, M.D. and M.J. Suarez (1994) An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation models. NASA Tech. Memo, 104606(3), 85.
  5. Draxler, R.R., B. Stunder, G. Rolph, and A. Taylor (1999) HYSPLIT4 user's guide, NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL ARL, 230, 35.
  6. ENVIRON International Corporation (2014) User's guide to the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions Version 6.1. http://www.camx.com/files/camxusersguide_v6-10.pdf (accessed 2016.12.13.)
  7. Godowitch, J.M. and R.R. Draxler (2006) Linking the CMAQ and HYSPLIT Modeling Systems: Interface Program and Example Application, In 5th Annual CMAS Conference, Chapel Hill, NC.
  8. Guenther, A., T. Karl, P. Harley, C. Wiedinmyer, P.I. Palmer, and C. Geron (2006) Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 6(1), 107-173. https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-107-2006
  9. Hakami, A., M.T. Odman, and A.G. Russell (2003). High-order, direct sensitivity analysis of multidimensional air quality models. Environmental Science & Technology, 37(11), 2442-2452. https://doi.org/10.1021/es020677h
  10. Hong, S.Y., J. Dudhia, and S.H. Chen (2004) A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation. Monthly Weather Review, 132(1), 103-120. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0103:ARATIM>2.0.CO;2
  11. Hong, S.Y., Y. Noh, and J. Dudhia (2006) A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes. Monthly Weather Review, 134(9), 2318-2341. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3199.1
  12. Itahashi, S., I. Uno, K. Osada, Y. Kamiguchi, S. Yamamoto, K. Tamura, Z. Wang, Y. Kurosaki, and Y. Kanaya (2016) Nitrate transboundary heavy pollution over East Asia in winter, Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics Discuss, doi:10.5194/acp-2016-879.
  13. Jo, H.Y. and C.H. Kim (2010) Characteristics of East Asia Synoptic Meteorological Conditions in Association with Haze phenomena, Korean Meteorological Society, 20(2), 161-172. (in Korean with English abstract)
  14. Kain, J.S. (2004) The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization: an update, Journal of Applied Meteorology 43, 1170-181.
  15. Kim, B.G., J.S. Han, and S.U. Park (2001) Transport of $SO_2$ and aerosol over the Yellow sea, Atmospheric Environment, 35(4), 727-737. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00344-7
  16. Kim, H.C., P. Lee, L. Judd, L. Pan, and B. Lefer (2016b) OMI $NO_2$ column densities over North American urban cities: the effect of satellite footprint resolution, Geoscientific Model Development, 9(3), 1111-1123. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1111-2016
  17. Kim, H.C., S. Kim, S.W. Son, P. Lee, C.S. Jin, E. Kim, B.U. Kim, F. Ngan, C. Bae, C.K. Song, and A. Stein (2016c) Synoptic perspectives on pollutant transport patterns observed by satellites over East Asia: Case studies with a conceptual model, Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics Discuss, doi:10.5194/acp-2016-673.
  18. Kim, S., C. Bae, B.U. Kim, and H.C. Kim (2017) $PM_{2.5}$ Simulations for the Seoul Metropolitan Area: (I) Contributions of Precursor Emissions in the 2013 CAPSS Emissions Inventory, Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 33(2), 139-158. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2017.33.2.139
  19. Kim, S., H.C. Kim, B.U. Kim, C. Bae, E. Kim, S. You, M. Bae, O. Kim, and C. Park (2016a) CMAQ Simulation Study to Analyze the Long-term Variations of Criteria Air Pollutants in the Seoul Metropolitan Area during 2004-2015, 17th IUAPPA World Clean Air Congress and 9th CAA Better Air Quality Conference Clean Air for Cities Perspectives and Solutions.
  20. Kim, W.S. (2014) Management Plan of Fine Dust ($PM_{2.5}$) in Seoul, Policy Report, (182): The Seoul Institute, 1-19. (in Korean)
  21. Leem, J.H., S. Kim, and H.C. Kim (2015) Public-health impact of outdoor air pollution for 2 nd air pollution management policy in Seoul metropolitan area, Korea, Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 27(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0058-z
  22. Li, M., Q. Zhang, J. Kurokawa, J.H. Woo, K.B. He, Z. Lu, T. Ohara, Y. Song, D.G. Streets, G.R. Carmichael, Y.F. Cheng, C.P. Hong, H. Huo, X.J. Jiang, S.C. Kang, F. Liu, H. Su, and B. Zheng (2015). MIX: a mosaic Asian anthropogenic emission inventory for the MICS-Asia and the HTAP projects, Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics Discuss, 15, 34813-34869, doi:10.5194/acpd-15-34813-2015.
  23. Mitchell, K., M. Ek, D. Lohmann, F. Chen, G. Gayno, B. Moore, and Y. Lin (2002) The community Noah land surface model (LSM)-User's guide. In Proceedings of 15th AMS conference on hydrology. American Meteorological Society, 180-183.
  24. Mlawer, E.J., S.J. Taubman, P.D. Brown, M.J. Iacono, and S.A. Clough (1997) Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 102(D14), 16663-16682. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00237
  25. MOE (2013) The 2nd stage of air quality management plan over the Seoul Metropolitan Area.
  26. Park, R.J. and S. Kim (2014) Air Quality Modeling in East Asia?: Present Issues and Future Directions, Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 50(1), 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-014-0030-9
  27. Skamarock, W.C., J.B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D.O. Gill, D.M. Barker, M.G. Duda, X. Huang, W. Wang, and J.G. Powers (2008) A description of the advanced research WRF version 3, NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-475+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 125.
  28. Yu, S., R. Mathur, D. Kang, K. Schere, and D. Tong (2009) A study of the ozone formation by ensemble back trajectory-process analysis using the Eta-CMAQ forecast model over the northeastern U. S. during the 2004 ICARTT period, Atmospheric Environment, 43(2), 355-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.079
  29. Zhang, Z., X. Zhang, D. Gong, S.J. Kim, R. Mao, and X. Zhao (2016) Possible influence of atmospheric circulations on winter haze pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, northern China, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16(2), 561-571. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-561-2016