Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회지)

Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회)
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Research and Policy Directions against Ambient Fine Particles

초미세먼지 문제 해결을 위한 연구 및 정책 방향

  • Kim, Yong Pyo (Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Ewha Womans University)
  • 김용표 (이화여자대학교 화학신소재공학과)
  • Received : 2017.04.22
  • Accepted : 2017.06.14
  • Published : 2017.06.30
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Abstract

Concerns on the air pollution problem caused by ambient fine particles have become a big social issue in Korea. Important factors that should be addressed to develop effective and efficient air quality management policy, especially, against fine particles are discussed and research and policy directions to address these factors are suggested. It is suggested that two factors are in high priority; one is scientific understanding of the major formation mechanisms of fine particles and the other is the process of policy decision and implementation. For the scientific understanding, smog chamber measurement, intensive field study, and chemical transport model development that can simulate the characteristics of Northeast Asia are considered to be important. For the policy directions, priority setting of the proposed policies and development and implement of effective communication sytem are considered to be important.

우리나라의 대기환경 정책은 주로 연료 전환과 배출허용기준 강화를 통한 대기오염물질 배출 저감 정책을 활용하였다. 이 정책은 1차 대기오염물질을 효과적으로 저감하였다. 그러나 초미세먼지는 발생원에서 배출되기도 하지만 대기에서 생성되는 비율이 높아, 대기화학반응의 주요 생성기작을 이해하지 못하면 효과적인 저감 정책을 수립하기 힘들다. 미국이나 유럽은 일찍부터 자국의 환경을 반영한 대기에서 생성되는 초미세먼지의 유기성분 생성 수율 및 자국 내 전구물질의 물질별 기여도를 파악하여, 저감 대책 수립에 활용하고 있다. 또한 집중관측소(super-site) 연구를 통하여 얻어진 관측 자료를 활용하여, 수용모델 등을 활용하여 주요 오염원을 파악하고, 오염원별 저감 정책을 수립하고 있다. 이런 과학적인 이해에 바탕을 둔 정책 수립 및 시행으로 미국은 악명이 높았던 로스엔젤레스 지역의 스모그도 많이 개선시켰다. 최근에는 (1) 국지적인 화학반응에 의한 유해 유기 에어로졸 성분 분석 및 위해성 평가와, (2) 아시아로부터 장거리이동된 초미세먼지와 오존의 생성, 이동 기작 규명에 중점을 두어 연구하고 있다. 유럽도 국지적인 유해성분(주로 유기 에어로졸)과 전유럽 지역의 초미세먼지와 오존 이동 및 영향에 대한 연구에 중점을 두고 과학적인 이해를 증진하는 연구를 수행하고 있다. 중국은 스모그 현상을 줄이기 위한 지역별 대기오염 특성 규명 및 배출원 저감에 중점적으로 연구를 진행하고 있으며, 정책적 면에서 우리나라의 2000년대 초와 비슷한 정책과 연구를 수행하고 있다. 외국 사례에서 보듯이 초미세먼지 문제를 해결하려면 (1) 초미세먼지의 생성과 사람에 대한 영향에 대한 과학적 이해 연구를 수행하여 불확실도를 줄이고, (2) 이를 바탕으로 초미세먼지와 그 전구물질을 효율적으로 저감하는 정책을 수립하고 효과적으로 시행하는 체계를 구축하여야 할 것이다. 우리는 초미세먼지 문제에서 생성기작, 위해성 평가, 모델링 분야에서 과학적 이해가 부족하여 신뢰성 있는 초미세먼지 저감 정책 수립에 어려움을 갖고 있다. 위해성 평가 같은 분야는 우리나라 결과가 아직 많지 않아 외국 결과를 주로 활용하고 있다. 이런 경우, 오차와 함께 외국 결과를 우리나라에 적용 가능한지, 적용이 가능하더라도 외국 결과를 시용할 때의 얼마나 우리 사례에 맞는지 등의 불확실성도 발생한다. 또 우리는 아직 서울이나 우리나라에서 초미세먼지가 생성되는 대기에서의 화학반응에서 주요 반응물이나 반응 경로가 선진국에서 연구한 결과와 일치하는지 다르다면 어떻게 다른지 잘 이해하지 못하고 있다. 이러한 과학적 이해에 바탕을 둔 모델도 현재 우리가 사용하는 모델들은 미국의 대기를 잘 예측하도록 개발된 모델들이어서 우리나라 사례를 얼마나 잘 모사하는지 잘 모르고 있다. 또한 국민의 불안을 해소하기 위해서는 초미세먼지의 발생부터 사람에게 미치는 영향까지를 과학적으로 이해하고 이를 저감하는 것을 대기환경 관리의 목표로 설정하는 것이 필수적이다. 이를 수행하기 위해서는 보다 효과적인 대기관리 및 소통 체계 구축이 필요하다.

Keywords

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