Membrane and Water Treatment

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of solids retention time on membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors at a constant mixed liquor suspended solids concentration

  • Hao, L. (Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University) ;
  • Liss, S.N. (School of Environmental Studies and Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University) ;
  • Liao, B.Q. (Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University)
  • Received : 2016.05.30
  • Accepted : 2017.01.18
  • Published : 2017.07.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Membrane fouling at different solids retention times (SRT) (7, 12 and 20 days) was studied under well-controlled conditions in a laboratory-scale aerobic submerged membrane bioreactor under constant biomass concentration using a synthetic high strength wastewater. An increase in SRT was found to improve membrane performance and this correlated to changes in the total production of bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and the composition and properties of bound EPS using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and floc sizes. A larger amount of total bound EPS was found at the lowest SRT (7 days) tested but the ratio of proteins (PN) to carbohydrates (CH) in bound EPS increased with an increase in SRT. Similarly, the quantity of soluble microbial products (SMP) decreased with an increase in SRT and the SMP PN/CH ratio increased with an increase in SRT. SMP concentrations positively correlated to the percentage of membrane pore blocking resistance. The quantity of total bound EPS and total SMP positively corresponded to the membrane fouling rate, while the PN/CH ratio in the bound EPS and SMP negatively correlated to the membrane fouling rate. The results show that both the quantity and composition of bound EPS and SMP and floc sizes are important in controlling membrane fouling.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)

References

  1. Ahmed, Z., Cho, J., Lim, B.R., Song, K.G. and Ahn, K.H. (2007), "Effects of sludge retention time on membrane fouling and microbial community structure in a membrane bioreactor", J. Membr. Sci., 287(2), 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.10.036
  2. Annop, S., Sridang, P., Puetpaiboon, U. and Grasmick, A. (2014), "Effect of solids retention time on membrane fouling intensity in two-stage submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactors treating palm oil mill effluent", Environ. Technol., 35(20), 2634-2642. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2014.914575
  3. APHA (2005), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st Edition, American Public Health Association (APHA)/American Water Works Association (AWWA)/Water Environment Federation (WEF), Washington, U.S.A.
  4. Badireddy, A.R., Korpol, B.R., Chellam, S., Gassman, P.L., Engelhard, M.H., Lea, A.S. and Rosso, K.M. (2008), "Spectroscopic characterization of extracellular polymeric substances from escherichia coli and serratia marcescens: Suppression using sub-inhibitory concentrations of bismuth thiols", Biomacromol., 9(11), 3079-3089. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm800600p
  5. Cao, T.A., Van De Staey, G. and Smets, I.Y. (2015), "Integrating activated sludge floc size information in MBR fouling modeling", Water Sci. Technol., 71(7), 1073-1080. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.070
  6. Croue, J.P., Benedetti, M.F., Violleau, D. and Leenheer, J.A. (2003), "Characterization and copper binding of humic and nonhumic organic matter isolated from the south platte river: Evidence for the presence of nitrogenous binding site", Environ. Sci. Technol., 37(2), 328-336. https://doi.org/10.1021/es020676p
  7. Dengis, P.B. and Rouxhet, P.G. (1996), "Preparation of yeast cells for surface analysis by XPS", J. Microbiol. Meth., 26(1-2), 171-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-7012(96)00909-8
  8. Drews, A., Vocks, M., Bracklow, U., Iversen, V. and Kraume, M. (2008), "Does fouling in MBRs depend on SMP?", Desalinat., 231(1-3), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.11.042
  9. DuBois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A. and Smith, F. (1956), "Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances", Anal. Chem., 28(3), 350-356. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60111a017
  10. Dufrene, Y.F., Van Der Wal, A., Norde, W. and Rouxhet, P.G. (1007), "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of whole cells and isolated cell walls of gram-positive bacteria: Comparison with biochemical analysis", J. Bacteriol., 179(4), 1023-1028.
  11. Flemming, H.C. and Wingender, J. (2001), "Relevance of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs)-part I: Structural and ecological aspects", Water Sci. Technol., 43(6), 1-8.
  12. Frolund, B., Palmgren, R., Keiding, K. and Nielsen, P.H. (1996), "Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin", Water Res., 30(8), 1749-1758. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(95)00323-1
  13. Gasmi, A., Heran, M., Hannachi, A. and Grasmick, A. (2015), "Fouling analysis and biomass distribution on a membrane bioreactor under low ratio COD/N", Membr. Water Treat., 6(4), 263-276. https://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2015.6.4.263
  14. Grelier, P., Rosenberger, S. and Tazi-Pain, A. (2006), "Influence of sludge retention time on membrane bioreactor hydraulic performance", Desalinat., 192(1-3), 10-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.131
  15. Han, S.S., Bae, T.H., Jang, G.G. and Tak, T.M. (2005), "Influence of sludge retention time on membrane fouling and bioactivities in membrane bioreactor system", Proc. Biochem., 40(7), 2393-2400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.09.017
  16. Hao, L. and Liao, B.Q. (2015), "Effect of organic matter to nitrogen ratio on membrane bioreactor performance", Environ. Technol., 36(20), 2674-2680. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2015.1043353
  17. Hao, L., Liss, S.N. and Liao, B.Q. (2016), "Influence of COD:N ratio on sludge properties and their role in membrane fouling of a submerged membrane bioreactor", Water Res., 89, 132-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.052
  18. Hong, H.C., Zhang, M.J., He, Y.M., Chen, J.R. and Lin, H.J. (2014), "Fouling mechanisms of gel layer in a submerged membrane bioreactor", Bioresour. Technol., 166, 295-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.063
  19. Huang, Z., Ong, S.L. and Ng, H.Y. (2011), "Submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor for low-strength wastewater treatment: Effect of HRT and SRT on treatment performance and membrane fouling", Water Res., 45(2), 705-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.035
  20. Jenkins, D., Richard, M.G. and Daigger, G.T. (2003), Manual on the Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking, Foaming, and Other Solids Separation Problems, 3rd Edition, Lewis Publishers, New York, U.S.A.
  21. Jun, Z., Yang, F.L., Meng, F.G., Peng, A. and Di, W. (2007), "Comparison of membrane fouling during short-term filtration of aerobic granular sludge and activated sludge", J. Environ. Sci.-Chin., 19(11), 1281-1286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(07)60209-5
  22. Kim, I.S. and Jang, N. (2006), "The effect of calcium on the membrane biofouling in the membrane bioreactor (MBR)", Water Res., 40(14), 2756-2764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.03.036
  23. Kimura, K., Yamato, N., Yamamura, H. and Watanabe, Y. (2005), "Membrane fouling in pilot-scale membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) treating municipal wastewater", Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(16), 6293-6299. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0502425
  24. Kumar, M., Adham, S.S. and Pearce, W.R. (2006), "Investigation of seawater reverse osmosis fouling and its relationship to pretreatment type", Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(6), 2037-2044. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0512428
  25. Laspidou, C.S. and Rittmann, B.E. (2002), "A unified theory for extracellular polymeric substances, soluble microbial products, and active and inert biomass", Water Res., 36(11), 2711-2720. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00413-4
  26. Le-Clech, P., Chen, V. and Fane, A.G. (2006), "Fouling in membrane bioreactors used in wastewater treatment", J. Membr. Sci., 284(1), 17-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.08.019
  27. Lee, W., Kang, S. and Shin, H. (2003), "Sludge characteristics and their contribution to microfiltration in submerged membrane bioreactors", J. Membr. Sci., 216(1), 217-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(03)00073-5
  28. Li, J.F., Zhang, X.X., Cheng, F.Q. and Liu, Y. (2013), "New insights into membrane fouling in submerged MBR under sub-critical flux condition", Biores. Technol., 137, 404-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.158
  29. Li, X.Y. and Yang, S.F. (2007), "Influence of loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the flocculation, sedimentation and dewaterability of activated sludge", Water Res., 41(5), 1022-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.037
  30. Liang, S. and Song, L.F. (2007), "Characteristics and fouling behaviors of dissolved organic matter in submerged membrane bioreactor systems", Environ. Eng. Sci., 24(5), 652-662. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2006.0147
  31. Liao, B.Q., Allen, D.G., Droppo, I.G., Leppard, G.G. and Liss, S.N. (2001), "Surface properties of sludge and their role in bioflocculation and settleability", Water Res., 35(2), 339-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00277-3
  32. Lim, A.L. and Bai, R. (2003), "Membrane fouling and cleaning in microfiltration of activated sludge wastewater", J. Membr. Sci., 216(1), 279-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(03)00083-8
  33. Lin, H.J., Zhang, M.J., Wang, F.Y., Meng, F.G., Liao, B.Q., Hong, H.C., Chen, J.R. and Gao, W.J. (2014), "A critical review of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in membrane bioreactors: characteristics, roles in membrane fouling and control strategies", J. Membr. Sci., 460, 110-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.02.034
  34. Lowery, O.H., Rosebrough, N., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951), "Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent", J. Biol. Chem., 193(1), 265-275.
  35. Maharajh, N. (2010), "Effect of feed rate and solid retention time (SRT) on effluent quality and sludge characteristics in activated sludge systems using sequencing batch reactors", M.S. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, U.S.A.
  36. Mariey, L., Signolle, L.P., Amiel, C. and Travert, J. (2001), "Discrimination, classification, identification of microorganisms using FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics", Vibr. Spectr., 26(2), 151-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2031(01)00113-8
  37. Meng, F.G., Shi, B.Q., Yang, F.L. and Zhang, H.M. (2007), "Effect of hydraulic retention time on membrane fouling and biomass characteristics in submerged membrane bioreactors", Bioproc. Biosyst. Eng., 30(5), 359-367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-007-0132-1
  38. Meng, F.G., Chae, S.R., Drews, A., Kraume, M., Shin, H.S. and Yang, F.L. (2009), "Recent advances in membrane bioreactors (MBRs): Membrane fouling and membrane material", Water Res., 43(6), 1489-1512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.12.044
  39. Meng, F.G., Zhang, H.M., Yang, F.L., Li, Y.S., Xiao, J.N. and Zhang, X.W. (2006), "Effect of filamentous bacteria on membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactor", J. Membr. Sci., 272(1), 161-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.07.041
  40. Nam, A.N., Kweon, J.H., Ryu, J.H., Lade, H. and Lee, C.H. (2015), "Reduction of biofouling using vanillin as a quorum sensing inhibitory agent in membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment", Membr. Water Treat., 6(3), 183-203.
  41. Nuengjamnong, H., Kweon, J.H., Cho, J., Polprasert, C. and Ahn, K.H. (2005), "Membrane fouling caused by extracellular polymeric substances during microfiltration processes", Desalinat., 179(1-3), 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.11.060
  42. Omoike, A. and Chorover, J. (2004), "Spectroscopic study of extracellular polymeric substances from bacillus subtilis: Aqueous chemistry and adsorption effects", Biomacromol., 5(4), 1219-1230. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm034461z
  43. Paul, P. and Hartung, C. (2008), "Modelling of biological fouling propensity by inference in a side stream membrane bioreactor", Desalinat., 224(1-3), 154-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.087
  44. Rosenberger, S. and Kraume, M. (2002), "Filterability of activated sludge in membrane bioreactors", Desalinat., 146, 373-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00515-5
  45. Rosenberger, S., Evenblij, H., Poele, S.T., Wintgens, T. and Laabs, C. (2005), "The importance of liquid phase analyses to understand fouling in membrane assisted activated sludge processes-six case studies of different European research groups", J. Membr. Sci., 263(1), 113-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.04.010
  46. Rosenberger, S., Laabs, C., Lesjean, B., Gnirss, R., Amy, G., Jekel, M. and Schrotter, J.C. (2006), "Impact of colloidal and soluble organic material on membrane performance in membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment", Water Res., 40(4), 710-720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.11.028
  47. Trussell, R.S., Merlo, R.P., Hermanowicz, S.W. and Jenkins, D. (2006), "The effect of organic loading on process performance and membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor treating municipal wastewater", Water Res., 40(14), 2675-2683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.04.020
  48. Van Den Broeck, R., Van Dierdonck, J., Nijskens, P., Dotremont, C., Krzeminski, P., Van Der Graaf, J.H.J.M., Van Lier, J.B., Van Impe, J.F.M. and Smets, I.Y. (2012), "The influence of solids retention time on activated sludge bioflocculation and membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor(MBR)", J. Membr. Sci., 401, 48-55.
  49. Wang, Z.W. and Wu, Z.C. (2009), "A review of membrane fouling in MBRs: Characteristics and role of sludge cake formed on membrane surfaces", Separ. Sci. Technol., 44(15), 3571-3596. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496390903182578
  50. Wang, Z.W., Han, X.M., Ma, J.X., Wang, P., Mei, X.J. and Wu, Z.C. (2013), "Recent advances in membrane fouling caused by extracellular polymeric substances: A mini-review", Desalinat. Water Treat., 51(25-27), 5121-5131. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.768403
  51. Wang, Z.W., Tang, S.J., Zhu, Y.F., Wu, Z.C., Zhou, Q. and Yang, D.H. (2010), "Fluorescent dissolved organic matter variations in a submerged membrane bioreactor under different sludge retention times", J. Membr. Sci., 355(1), 151-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.03.016
  52. Wu, B., Kitade, T., Chong, T.H., Lee, J.Y., Uemura, T. and Fane, A.G. (2013), "Flux-dependent fouling phenomena in membrane bioreactors under different food to microorganisms (F/M) ratios", Separ. Sci. Technol., 48(6), 840-848. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2012.724501

Cited by

  1. Prediction of membrane fouling using artificial neural networks for wastewater treated by membrane bioreactor technologies: bottlenecks and possibilities vol.24, pp.29, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0046-7