DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Impact of Childhood Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and Other Adversities

  • Franchek-Roa, Kathleen M. (Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine) ;
  • Tiwari, Agnes (Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong School of Nursing) ;
  • Lewis-O'Connor, Annie (Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital) ;
  • Campbell, Jacquelyn (Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing)
  • Received : 2017.01.25
  • Accepted : 2017.02.27
  • Published : 2017.07.01

Abstract

Childhood exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) and other adversities has been shown to have adverse effects on health and well-being not only in childhood but also throughout the lifespan. This paper focuses on the prevalence of childhood adversities including exposure to IPV. The intersection of adverse childhood experiences and IPV victimization/perpetration in adulthood is also explored. The neurobiology of trauma is discussed and by understanding the impact of trauma on health, it is hoped that enhancement of resilience is possible. Based on the identification of protective factors at the individual, familial, and community level, examples of interventions that encourage safe, stable, and nurturing relationships between parents and children are described.

Keywords

References

  1. Breiding MJ, Basile KC, Smith SG, Black MC, Mahendra R. Intimate partner violence surveillance: uniform definitions and recommended data elements, version 2.0. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2015.
  2. Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HA, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts CH; WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women Study Team. Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. Lancet 2006;368:1260-1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69523-8
  3. Black MC, Basile KC, Breiding MJ, Smith SG, Walters ML, Merrick MT, et al. The National intimate partner and sexual violence survey (NISVS): 2010 summary report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2011.
  4. Catalano S. Intimate partner violence, 1993-2010. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics;2012.
  5. McDonald R, Jouriles EN, Ramisetty-Mikler S, Caetano R, Green CE. Estimating the number of American children living in partner-violent families. J Fam Psychol 2006;20:137-142. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.137
  6. Moore CG, Probst JC, Tompkins M, Cuffe S, Martin AB. The prevalence of violent disagreements in US families: effects of residence, race/ethnicity, and parental stress. Pediatrics 2007;119 Suppl 1:S68-S76. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2089K
  7. Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. Am J Prev Med 1998; 14:245-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
  8. Yoon PW, Bastian B, Anderson RN, Collins JL, Jaffe HW; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Potentially preventable deaths from the five leading causes of death--United States, 2008-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:369-374.
  9. Finkelhor D, Shattuck A, Turner H, Hamby S. A revised inventory of adverse childhood experiences. Child Abuse Negl 2015;48: 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.07.011
  10. Wise PH. Child poverty and the promise of human capacity: childhood as a foundation for healthy aging. Acad Pediatr 2016;16(3 Suppl):S37-S45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2016.01.014
  11. Cronholm PF, Forke CM, Wade R, Bair-Merritt MH, Davis M, Harkins-Schwarz M, et al. Adverse childhood experiences: expanding the concept of adversity. Am J Prev Med 2015;49:354-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.001
  12. Anda RF, Butchart A, Felitti VJ, Brown DW. Building a framework for global surveillance of the public health implications of adverse childhood experiences. Am J Prev Med 2010;39:93-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.03.015
  13. Finkelhor D, Turner H, Ormrod R, Hamby SL. Violence, abuse, and crime exposure in a national sample of children and youth. Pediatrics 2009;124:1411-1423. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0467
  14. World Health Organization. Addressing adverse childhood experiences to improve public health. Proceedings of the WHO Expert Consultation-Meeting; 2009 May 4-5; Geneva. Geneva: World Health Organization;2014.
  15. Richmond JM, Elliott AN, Pierce TW, Aspelmeier JE, Alexander AA. Polyvictimization, childhood victimization, and psychological distress in college women. Child Maltreat 2009;14:127-147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559508326357
  16. Finkelhor D, Ormrod RK, Turner HA. Polyvictimization and trauma in a national longitudinal cohort. Dev Psychopathol 2007; 19:149-166.
  17. Finkelhor D, Ormrod RK, Turner HA. Poly-victimization: a neglected component in child victimization. Child Abuse Negl 2007; 31:7-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.06.008
  18. Sotero MM. A conceptual model of historical trauma: implications for public health practice and research. J Health Dispar Res Pract 2006;1:93-108.
  19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kaiser Permanente. The ACE study survey data [unpublished data]. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2016.
  20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Adverse childhood experiences reported by adults --- five states, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010;59:1609-1613.
  21. Gilbert LK, Breiding MJ, Merrick MT, Thompson WW, Ford DC, Dhingra SS, et al. Childhood adversity and adult chronic disease: an update from ten states and the District of Columbia, 2010. Am J Prev Med 2015;48:345-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.09.006
  22. Bellis MA, Hughes K, Leckenby N, Jones L, Baban A, Kachaeva M, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and associations with health-harming behaviours in young adults: surveys in eight eastern European countries. Bull World Health Organ 2014;92:641-655. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.129247
  23. Al-Shawi AF, Lafta RK. Effect of adverse childhood experiences on physical health in adulthood: results of a study conducted in Baghdad city. J Family Community Med 2015;22:78-84. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8229.155374
  24. Soares AL, Howe LD, Matijasevich A, Wehrmeister FC, Menezes AM, Goncalves H. Adverse childhood experiences: prevalence and related factors in adolescents of a Brazilian birth cohort. Child Abuse Negl 2016;51:21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.11.017
  25. Bellis MA, Hughes K, Leckenby N, Perkins C, Lowey H. National household survey of adverse childhood experiences and their relationship with resilience to health-harming behaviors in England. BMC Med 2014;12:72. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-12-72
  26. Ramiro LS, Madrid BJ, Brown DW. Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and health-risk behaviors among adults in a developing country setting. Child Abuse Negl 2010;34:842-855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.02.012
  27. Paunovic M, Markovic M, Vojvodic K, Neskovic A, Sethi D, Grbic M. Survey of adverse childhood experiences among Serbian university students-report from the 2013/2014 survey. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe;2015.
  28. Fonseka RW, Minnis AM, Gomez AM. Impact of adverse childhood experiences on intimate partner violence perpetration among Sri Lankan men. PLoS One 2015;10:e0136321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136321
  29. Tran QA, Dunne MP, Vo TV, Luu NH. Adverse childhood experiences and the health of university students in eight provinces of Vietnam. Asia Pac J Public Health 2015;27(8 Suppl):26S-32S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539515589812
  30. Almuneef M, Qayad M, Aleissa M, Albuhairan F. Adverse childhood experiences, chronic diseases, and risky health behaviors in Saudi Arabian adults: a pilot study. Child Abuse Negl 2014;38:1787-1793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.06.003
  31. Anda RF, Brown DW. Root causes and organic budgeting: funding health from conception to the grave. Pediatr Health 2007;1:141-143. https://doi.org/10.2217/17455111.1.2.141
  32. Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Giles WH, Anda RF. The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health problems: evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to 1900. Prev Med 2003;37:268-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00123-3
  33. Edwards VJ, Holden GW, Felitti VJ, Anda RF. Relationship between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment and adult mental health in community respondents: results from the adverse childhood experiences study. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1453-1460. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1453
  34. Felitti VJ. Long-term medical consequences of incest, rape, and molestation. South Med J 1991;84:328-331. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199103000-00008
  35. Oladeji BD, Makanjuola VA, Gureje O. Family-related adverse childhood experiences as risk factors for psychiatric disorders in Nigeria. Br J Psychiatry 2010;196:186-191. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.063677
  36. Putnam KT, Harris WW, Putnam FW. Synergistic childhood adversities and complex adult psychopathology. J Trauma Stress 2013;26:435-442. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21833
  37. Hillis SD, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Nordenberg D, Marchbanks PA. Adverse childhood experiences and sexually transmitted diseases in men and women: a retrospective study. Pediatrics 2000;106:E11. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.106.1.e11
  38. Dietz PM, Spitz AM, Anda RF, Williamson DF, McMahon PM, Santelli JS, et al. Unintended pregnancy among adult women exposed to abuse or household dysfunction during their childhood. JAMA 1999;282:1359-1364. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.14.1359
  39. Eberhard-Gran M, Schei B, Eskild A. Somatic symptoms and diseases are more common in women exposed to violence. J Gen Intern Med 2007;22:1668-1673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0389-8
  40. Tietjen GE, Khubchandani J, Herial NA, Shah K. Adverse childhood experiences are associated with migraine and vascular biomarkers. Headache 2012;52:920-929. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02165.x
  41. Dong M, Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Giles WH, Anda RF. Adverse childhood experiences and self-reported liver disease: new insights into the causal pathway. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1949-1956. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.16.1949
  42. Brown DW, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Edwards VJ, Malarcher AM, Croft JB, et al. Adverse childhood experiences are associated with the risk of lung cancer: a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2010;10:20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-20
  43. Fuller-Thomson E, Brennenstuhl S. Making a link between childhood physical abuse and cancer: results from a regional representative survey. Cancer 2009;115:3341-3350. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24372
  44. Kelly-Irving M, Lepage B, Dedieu D, Lacey R, Cable N, Bartley M, et al. Childhood adversity as a risk for cancer: findings from the 1958 British birth cohort study. BMC Public Health 2013;13:767. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-767
  45. Rich-Edwards JW, Spiegelman D, Lividoti Hibert EN, Jun HJ, Todd TJ, Kawachi I, et al. Abuse in childhood and adolescence as a predictor of type 2 diabetes in adult women. Am J Prev Med 2010;39:529-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.09.007
  46. Anda RF, Brown DW, Dube SR, Bremner JD, Felitti VJ, Giles WH. Adverse childhood experiences and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. Am J Prev Med 2008;34:396-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.02.002
  47. Subramanian SV, Ackerson LK, Subramanyam MA, Wright RJ. Domestic violence is associated with adult and childhood asthma prevalence in India. Int J Epidemiol 2007;36:569-579. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym007
  48. Fuller-Thomson E, Brennenstuhl S, Frank J. The association between childhood physical abuse and heart disease in adulthood: findings from a representative community sample. Child Abuse Negl 2010;34:689-698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.02.005
  49. Su S, Wang X, Kapuku GK, Treiber FA, Pollock DM, Harshfield GA, et al. Adverse childhood experiences are associated with detrimental hemodynamics and elevated circulating endothelin-1 in adolescents and young adults. Hypertension 2014;64:201-207. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02755
  50. Brown DW, Anda RF, Tiemeier H, Felitti VJ, Edwards VJ, Croft JB, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of premature mortality. Am J Prev Med 2009;37:389-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.021
  51. Chen E, Turiano NA, Mroczek DK, Miller GE. Association of reports of childhood abuse and all-cause mortality rates in women. JAMA Psychiatry 2016;73:920-927. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1786
  52. Fang X, Corso PS. Child maltreatment, youth violence, and intimate partner violence: developmental relationships. Am J Prev Med 2007;33:281-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.06.003
  53. Fox BH, Perez N, Cass E, Baglivio MT, Epps N. Trauma changes everything: examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders. Child Abuse Negl 2015;46:163-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.01.011
  54. Kim HS, Kim HS. The impact of family violence, family functioning, and parental partner dynamics on Korean juvenile delinquency. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2008;39:439-453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-008-0099-4
  55. Naramore R, Bright MA, Epps N, Hardt NS. Youth arrested for trading sex have the highest rates of childhood adversity: a statewide study of juvenile offenders. Sex Abuse 2017;29:396-410. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063215603064
  56. Wolff KT, Baglivio MT, Piquero AR. The relationship between adverse childhood experiences and recidivism in a sample of juvenile offenders in community-based treatment. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2015 Nov 12 [Epub ahead of print]. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X15613992.
  57. Bethell CD, Newacheck P, Hawes E, Halfon N. Adverse childhood experiences: assessing the impact on health and school engagement and the mitigating role of resilience. Health Aff (Millwood) 2014;33:2106-2115. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0914
  58. Emery CR. Controlling for selection effects in the relationship between child behavior problems and exposure to intimate partner violence. J Interpers Violence 2011;26:1541-1558. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510370597
  59. Humphreys KL, Zeanah CH. Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015;40:154-170. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.165
  60. Johnson RM, Kotch JB, Catellier DJ, Winsor JR, Dufort V, Hunter W, et al. Adverse behavioral and emotional outcomes from child abuse and witnessed violence. Child Maltreat 2002;7:179-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559502007003001
  61. Kaslow NJ, Thompson MP. Associations of child maltreatment and intimate partner violence with psychological adjustment among low SES, African American children. Child Abuse Negl 2008;32:888-896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.09.012
  62. Kernic MA, Wolf ME, Holt VL, McKnight B, Huebner CE, Rivara FP. Behavioral problems among children whose mothers are abused by an intimate partner. Child Abuse Negl 2003;27:1231-1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2002.12.001
  63. Kiernan KE, Huerta MC. Economic deprivation, maternal depression, parenting and children's cognitive and emotional development in early childhood. Br J Sociol 2008;59:783-806. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2008.00219.x
  64. Roustit C, Chaix B, Chauvin P. Family breakup and adolescents' psychosocial maladjustment: public health implications of family disruptions. Pediatrics 2007;120:e984-e991. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-3172
  65. Silverstein M, Augustyn M, Young R, Zuckerman B. The relationship between maternal depression, in-home violence and use of physical punishment: what is the role of child behaviour? Arch Dis Child 2009;94:138-143. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2007.136853
  66. Whitaker RC, Orzol SM, Kahn RS. Maternal mental health, substance use, and domestic violence in the year after delivery and subsequent behavior problems in children at age 3 years. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:551-560. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.5.551
  67. Burke NJ, Hellman JL, Scott BG, Weems CF, Carrion VG. The impact of adverse childhood experiences on an urban pediatric population. Child Abuse Negl 2011;35:408-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.02.006
  68. Heerman WJ, Krishnaswami S, Barkin SL, McPheeters M. Adverse family experiences during childhood and adolescent obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016;24:696-702. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21413
  69. Lynch BA, Agunwamba A, Wilson PM, Kumar S, Jacobson RM, Phelan S, et al. Adverse family experiences and obesity in children and adolescents in the United States. Prev Med 2016;90:148-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.06.035
  70. Pretty C, O'Leary DD, Cairney J, Wade TJ. Adverse childhood experiences and the cardiovascular health of children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2013;13:208. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-13-208
  71. Clougherty JE, Levy JI, Kubzansky LD, Ryan PB, Suglia SF, Canner MJ, et al. Synergistic effects of traffic-related air pollution and exposure to violence on urban asthma etiology. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115:1140-1146. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9863
  72. Suglia SF, Enlow MB, Kullowatz A, Wright RJ. Maternal intimate partner violence and increased asthma incidence in children: buffering effects of supportive caregiving. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009;163:244-250. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2008.555
  73. Wing R, Gjelsvik A, Nocera M, McQuaid EL. Association between adverse childhood experiences in the home and pediatric asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015;114:379-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2015.02.019
  74. Klassen SA, Chirico D, O'Leary DD, Cairney J, Wade TJ. Linking systemic arterial stiffness among adolescents to adverse childhood experiences. Child Abuse Negl 2016;56:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.04.002
  75. Flaherty EG, Thompson R, Dubowitz H, Harvey EM, English DJ, Proctor LJ, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and child health in early adolescence. JAMA Pediatr 2013;167:622-629. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.22
  76. Balistreri KS, Alvira-Hammond M. Adverse childhood experiences, family functioning and adolescent health and emotional well-being. Public Health 2016;132:72-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2015.10.034
  77. Delaney-Black V, Covington C, Ondersma SJ, Nordstrom-Klee B, Templin T, Ager J, et al. Violence exposure, trauma, and IQ and/or reading deficits among urban children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002;156:280-285. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.156.3.280
  78. Fuller-Thomson E, Hooper SR. The association between childhood physical abuse and dyslexia: findings from a populationbased study. J Interpers Violence 2015;30:1583-1592. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514540808
  79. Gilbert AL, Bauer NS, Carroll AE, Downs SM. Child exposure to parental violence and psychological distress associated with delayed milestones. Pediatrics 2013;132:e1577-e1583. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1020
  80. Guinosso SA, Johnson SB, Riley AW. Multiple adverse experiences and child cognitive development. Pediatr Res 2016;79:220-226. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2015.195
  81. Jimenez ME, Wade R Jr, Lin Y, Morrow LM, Reichman NE. Adverse experiences in early childhood and kindergarten outcomes. Pediatrics 2016;137:e20151839. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-1839
  82. Anda RF, Croft JB, Felitti VJ, Nordenberg D, Giles WH, Williamson DF, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthood. JAMA 1999;282:1652-1658. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.17.1652
  83. Anda RF, Chapman DP, Felitti VJ, Edwards V, Williamson DF, Croft JB, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and risk of paternity in teen pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:37-45.
  84. Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Chapman DP, Giles WH, Anda RF. Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: the adverse childhood experiences study. Pediatrics 2003;111:564-572. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.3.564
  85. Dube SR, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Chapman DP, Williamson DF, Giles WH. Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: findings from the adverse childhood experiences study. JAMA 2001;286:3089-3096. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.24.3089
  86. Rothman EF, Edwards EM, Heeren T, Hingson RW. Adverse childhood experiences predict earlier age of drinking onset: results from a representative US sample of current or former drinkers. Pediatrics 2008;122:e298-e304. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-3412
  87. Felitti VJ. Childhood sexual abuse, depression, and family dysfunction in adult obese patients: a case control study. South Med J 1993;86:732-736. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199307000-00002
  88. Shonkoff JP, Boyce WT, McEwen BS. Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities: building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention. JAMA 2009;301:2252-2259. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.754
  89. Teicher MH, Samson JA. Annual research review: enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016;57:241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12507
  90. Marmot M, Friel S, Bell R, Houweling TA, Taylor S; Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Lancet 2008;372:1661-1669. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61690-6
  91. Shonkoff JP, Garner AS; Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health; Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care; Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics 2012;129:e232-e246. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2663
  92. McEwen BS, Stellar E. Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:2093-2101. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1993.00410180039004
  93. McEwen BS. Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain. Physiol Rev 2007;87:873-904. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00041.2006
  94. McLaughlin KA, Sheridan MA, Lambert HK. Childhood adversity and neural development: deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014;47:578-591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012
  95. Andersen SL, Tomada A, Vincow ES, Valente E, Polcari A, Teicher MH. Preliminary evidence for sensitive periods in the effect of childhood sexual abuse on regional brain development. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008;20:292-301. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2008.20.3.292
  96. Choi J, Jeong B, Rohan ML, Polcari AM, Teicher MH. Preliminary evidence for white matter tract abnormalities in young adults exposed to parental verbal abuse. Biol Psychiatry 2009;65:227-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.022
  97. Lupien SJ, McEwen BS, Gunnar MR, Heim C. Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009;10:434-445. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2639
  98. Masten CL, Guyer AE, Hodgdon HB, McClure EB, Charney DS, Ernst M, et al. Recognition of facial emotions among maltreated children with high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder. Child Abuse Negl 2008;32:139-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.09.006
  99. Moffitt TE; Klaus-Grawe 2012 Think Tank. Childhood exposure to violence and lifelong health: clinical intervention science and stress-biology research join forces. Dev Psychopathol 2013;25(4 Pt 2):1619-1634. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579413000801
  100. Shalev I. Early life stress and telomere length: investigating the connection and possible mechanisms: a critical survey of the evidence base, research methodology and basic biology. Bioessays 2012;34:943-952. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201200084
  101. Lamers-Winkelman F, Willemen AM, Visser M. Adverse childhood experiences of referred children exposed to intimate partner violence: consequences for their wellbeing. Child Abuse Negl 2012;36:166-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.07.006
  102. Dube SR, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Edwards VJ, Williamson DF. Exposure to abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction among adults who witnessed intimate partner violence as children: implications for health and social services. Violence Vict 2002;17:3-17. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.17.1.3.33635
  103. Thompson RS, Bonomi AE, Anderson M, Reid RJ, Dimer JA, Carrell D, et al. Intimate partner violence: prevalence, types, and chronicity in adult women. Am J Prev Med 2006;30:447-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2006.01.016
  104. Campbell JC. Health consequences of intimate partner violence. Lancet 2002;359:1331-1336. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08336-8
  105. Fantuzzo J, Boruch R, Beriama A, Atkins M, Marcus S. Domestic violence and children: prevalence and risk in five major U.S. cities. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:116-122. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199701000-00025
  106. Edleson JL. Problems associated with children's witnessing of domestic violence. Harrisburg, PA: The National Online Resource Center on Violence Against Women, National Resource Center on Domestic Violence;1999.
  107. Lichter EL, McCloskey LA. The effects of childhood exposure to marital violence on adolescent gender-role beliefs and dating violence. Psychol Women Q 2004;28:344-357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00151.x
  108. Moffitt TE, Caspi A. Preventing the intergenerational continuity of antisocial behaviour: implications of partner violence. In: Farrington DP, Coid JW, editors. Early prevention of adult antisocial behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;2003. p.109-129.
  109. Guterman NB. Advancing prevention research on child abuse, youth violence, and domestic violence: emerging strategies and issues. J Interpers Violence 2004;19:299-321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260503261153
  110. Belanger CF, Hennekens CH, Rosner B, Speizer FE. The Nurses' Health Study. Am J Nurs 1978;78:1039-1040.
  111. Dong M, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Williamson DF, Thompson TJ, et al. The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse Negl 2004; 28:771-784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.01.008
  112. Appel AE, Holden GW. The co-occurrence of spouse and physical child abuse: a review and appraisal. J Fam Psychol 1998;12:578-599. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.12.4.578
  113. Gewirtz AH, Edleson JL. Young children's exposure to intimate partner violence: towards a developmental risk and resilience framework for research and intervention. J Fam Violence 2007;22:151-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-007-9065-3
  114. Osofsky JD. The impact of violence on children. Future Child 1999; 9:33-49. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602780
  115. Renner LM, Slack KS. Intimate partner violence and child maltreatment: understanding intra- and intergenerational connections. Child Abuse Negl 2006;30:599-617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.12.005
  116. Tajima EA. The relative importance of wife abuse as a risk factor for violence against children. Child Abuse Negl 2000;24:1383-1398. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00194-0
  117. Greenfield EA. Child abuse as a life-course social determinant of adult health. Maturitas 2010;66:51-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.02.002
  118. Antai D, Braithwaite P, Clerk G. Social determinants of child abuse: evidence of factors associated with maternal abuse from the Egypt demographic and health survey. J Inj Violence Res 2016;8:25-34.
  119. Braveman P, Gottlieb L. The social determinants of health: it's time to consider the causes of the causes. Public Health Rep 2014;129 Suppl 2:19-31.
  120. Hartley CC. The co-occurrence of child maltreatment and domestic violence: examining both neglect and child physical abuse. Child Maltreat 2002;7:349-358. https://doi.org/10.1177/107755902237264
  121. Tajima EA. Correlates of the co-occurrence of wife abuse and child abuse among a representative sample. J Fam Violence 2004;19:391-402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-004-0684-7
  122. Herrenkohl TI, Herrenkohl RC. Examining the overlap and prediction of multiple forms of child maltreatment, stressors, and socioeconomic status: a longitudinal analysis of youth outcomes. J Fam Violence 2007;22:553-562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-007-9107-x
  123. Herrenkohl TI, Sousa C, Tajima EA, Herrenkohl RC, Moylan CA. Intersection of child abuse and children's exposure to domestic violence. Trauma Violence Abuse 2008;9:84-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838008314797
  124. McCloskey LA, Figueredo AJ, Koss MP. The effects of systemic family violence on children's mental health. Child Dev 1995;66:1239-1261. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131645
  125. Wolfe DA, Crooks CV, Lee V, McIntyre-Smith A, Jaffe PG. The effects of children's exposure to domestic violence: a meta-analysis and critique. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2003;6:171-187. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024910416164
  126. Cunningham SM. The joint contribution of experiencing and witnessing violence during childhood on child abuse in the parent role. Violence Vict 2003;18:619-639. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.6.619
  127. Montalvo-Liendo N, Fredland N, McFarlane J, Lui F, Koci AF, Nava A. The intersection of partner violence and adverse childhood experiences: implications for research and clinical practice. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2015;36:989-1006. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2015.1074767
  128. Ehrensaft MK, Cohen P, Brown J, Smailes E, Chen H, Johnson JG. Intergenerational transmission of partner violence: a 20-year prospective study. J Consult Clin Psychol 2003;71:741-753. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.4.741
  129. McKinney CM, Caetano R, Ramisetty-Mikler S, Nelson S. Childhood family violence and perpetration and victimization of intimate partner violence: findings from a national population-based study of couples. Ann Epidemiol 2009;19:25-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.08.008
  130. Roberts AL, McLaughlin KA, Conron KJ, Koenen KC. Adulthood stressors, history of childhood adversity, and risk of perpetration of intimate partner violence. Am J Prev Med 2011;40:128-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.10.016
  131. Stith SM, Rosen KH, Middleton KA, Busch AL, Lundeberg K, Carlton RP. The intergenerational transmission of spouse abuse: a meta-analysis. J Marriage Fam 2000;62:640-654. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00640.x
  132. Heyman RE, Smith Slep AM. Do child abuse and interparental violence lead to adulthood family violence? J Marriage Fam 2002;64: 864-870. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00864.x
  133. Whitfield CL, Anda RF, Dube SR, Felitti VJ. Violent childhood experiences and the risk of intimate partner violence in adults: assessment in a large health maintenance organization. J Interpers Violence 2003;18:166-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260502238733
  134. Roberts AL, Gilman SE, Fitzmaurice G, Decker MR, Koenen KC. Witness of intimate partner violence in childhood and perpetration of intimate partner violence in adulthood. Epidemiology 2010;21:809-818. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181f39f03
  135. Suzuki SL, Geffner R, Bucky SF. The experiences of adults exposed to intimate partner violence as children: an exploratory qualitative study of resilience and protective factors. J Emot Abuse 2008;8: 103-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926790801984523
  136. Davies L, Ford-Gilboe M, Willson A, Varcoe C, Wuest J, Campbell J, et al. Patterns of cumulative abuse among female survivors of intimate partner violence: links to women's health and socioeconomic status. Violence Against Women 2015;21:30-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801214564076
  137. Afifi TO, Macmillan HL. Resilience following child maltreatment: a review of protective factors. Can J Psychiatry 2011;56:266-272. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371105600505
  138. Howell KH. Resilience and psychopathology in children exposed to family violence. Aggress Violent Behav 2011;16:562-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.001
  139. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Essentials for childhood: steps to create safe, stable, nurturing relationships and environments. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2014.
  140. Furlong M, McGilloway S, Bywater T, Hutchings J, Smith SM, Donnelly M. Cochrane review: behavioural and cognitive-behavioural group-based parenting programmes for early-onset conduct problems in children aged 3 to 12 years (review). Evid Based Child Health 2013;8:318-692. https://doi.org/10.1002/ebch.1905
  141. Sanders MR. Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 1999;2:71-90. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021843613840
  142. Pickering JA, Sanders MR. Reducing child maltreatment by making parenting programs available to all parents: a case example using the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program. Trauma Violence Abuse 2016;17:398-407. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016658876
  143. Heinrichs N, Kliem S, Hahlweg K. Four-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of triple p group for parent and child outcomes. Prev Sci 2014;15:233-245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-012-0358-2
  144. de Graaf I, Speetjens P, Smit F, de Wolff M, Tavecchio L. Effectiveness of the Triple P Positive Parenting Program on behavioral problems in children: a meta-analysis. Behav Modif 2008;32:714-735. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445508317134
  145. Prinz RJ, Sanders MR, Shapiro CJ, Whitaker DJ, Lutzker JR. Population-based prevention of child maltreatment: the U.S. Triple P system population trial. Prev Sci 2009;10:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-009-0123-3
  146. Sanders MR. Development, evaluation, and multinational dissemination of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2012;8:345-379. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143104
  147. Beets MW, Flay BR, Vuchinich S, Snyder FJ, Acock A, Li KK, et al. Use of a social and character development program to prevent substance use, violent behaviors, and sexual activity among elementary-school students in Hawaii. Am J Public Health 2009;99:1438-1445. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.142919
  148. Washburn IJ, Acock A, Vuchinich S, Snyder F, Li KK, Ji P, et al. Effects of a social-emotional and character development program on the trajectory of behaviors associated with social-emotional and character development: findings from three randomized trials. Prev Sci 2011;12:314-323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-011-0230-9
  149. Bilukha O, Hahn RA, Crosby A, Fullilove MT, Liberman A, Moscicki E, et al. The effectiveness of early childhood home visitation in preventing violence: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2005;28(2 Suppl 1):11-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.004
  150. Rotheram-Borus MJ, Tomlinson M, le Roux IM, Harwood JM, Comulada S, O'Connor MJ, et al. A cluster randomised controlled effectiveness trial evaluating perinatal home visiting among South African mothers/infants. PLoS One 2014;9:e105934. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105934
  151. Sharps PW, Bullock LF, Campbell JC, Alhusen JL, Ghazarian SR, Bhandari SS, et al. Domestic violence enhanced perinatal home visits: the DOVE randomized clinical trial. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2016;25:1129-1138. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2015.5547
  152. Budde S, Schene P. Informal social support interventions and their role in violence prevention: an agenda for future evaluation. J Interpers Violence 2004;19:341-355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260503261157
  153. Sanders MR, Markie-Dadds C, Tully LA, Bor W. The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: a comparison of enhanced, standard, and self-directed behavioral family intervention for parents of children with early onset conduct problems. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000;68: 624-640. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.4.624
  154. World Health Organization. Preventing violence through the development of safe, stable and nurturing relationships between children and their parents and caregivers. Geneva: World Health Organization;2009.
  155. Hillis SD, Mercy JA, Saul J, Gleckel J, Abad N, Kress H. THRIVES: a global technical package to prevent violence against children. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2015.
  156. World Health Organization. INSPIRE: seven strategies for ending violence against children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
  157. Moyer VA; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for intimate partner violence and abuse of elderly and vulnerable adults: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2013;158:478-486. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-6-201303190-00588

Cited by

  1. The Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of the Forms of Violence Against Women pp.1545-083X, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2018.1463338
  2. Understanding the relationship between mothers’ childhood exposure to intimate partner violence and current parenting behaviors through adult intimate partner violence: A moderation analysis vol.16, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/15379418.2019.1689881
  3. Research roundup: July 2020 vol.8, pp.7, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12968/johv.2020.8.7.270
  4. Evaluating interventions with victims of intimate partner violence: a community psychology approach vol.21, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01268-7