Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry (생물정신의학)

The Korean Society of Biological Psychiatry (대한생물정신의학회)
권호 표지

Parkinson's Disease among Firefighters : A Focused Review on the Potential Effects of Exposure to Toxic Chemicals at the Fire Scene

리뷰 : 화재현장에서 노출될 수 있는 화학적 유해물질과 파킨슨병 간의 관련성

  • Ye, Shinhee (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Kim, Hyunjoo (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital) ;
  • Jeong-Choi, Kyunghee (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Kim, Jieun E. (Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Park, Shinwon (Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Lee, Yumin (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Ha, Eun-Hee (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University)
  • 예신희 (이화여자대학교 의과대학 직업환경의학교실) ;
  • 김현주 (이화여자대학교 이대부속목동병원 작업환경의학과) ;
  • 정최경희 (이화여자대학교 의과대학 직업환경의학교실) ;
  • 김지은 (이화여자대학교 뇌융합과학연구원) ;
  • 박신원 (이화여자대학교 뇌융합과학연구원) ;
  • 이유민 (이화여자대학교 의과대학 직업환경의학교실) ;
  • 하은희 (이화여자대학교 의과대학 직업환경의학교실)
  • Received : 2016.10.12
  • Accepted : 2016.11.30
  • Published : 2017.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Previous studies have found that firefighters have a tenfold higher prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) compare to the general population. Firefighters are constantly exposed to various occupational hazards including toxic chemicals of fire residue and the toxic chemicals can effects development and progression of PD. Nevertheless, there were no studies about the association between exposure to chemical byproducts of combustion and the development of PD among firefighters. Thus the aim of this study is to look into existing researches regarding the effect of chemical byproducts of combustion on the development of PD. An extensive literature search was conducted to identify harmful chemical components of smoke and fire residue, using the PubMed database during November of 2016. We searched for relevant articles by combining several keywords that contained "Parkinson's disease" and each of the different toxic chemicals, yielding a total of 1401 articles. After applying the selection criteria, 12 articles were chosen. Chemical substances reported to have a harmful effect on PD, in at least one article, were carbon monoxide, toluene, manganese and lead. Carbon monoxide and metal substances including manganese and lead were found to be associated with an increased PD risk in more than two articles. There was a heightened risk of PD in firefighters due to exposure of chemical byproducts of combustion including carbon monoxide, toluene, manganese and lead. However, to the best of our knowledge, to support this result we need more systematic epidemiological studies about these risk factors of PD among firefighters. In addition, further studies for the effects of prolonged exposure to toxic fire residue on the development and progression of PD in firefighters are needed.

Keywords

References

  1. Adetona O, Reinhardt TE, Domitrovich J, Broyles G, Adetona AM, Kleinman MT, et al. Review of the health effects of wildland fire smoke on wildland firefighters and the public. Inhal Toxicol 2016;28:95-139. https://doi.org/10.3109/08958378.2016.1145771
  2. Rosenstock L, Olsen J. Firefighting and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2007;356:1261-1263. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe078008
  3. Schulte PA, Burnett CA, Boeniger MF, Johnson J. Neurodegenerative diseases: occupational occurrence and potential risk factors, 1982 through 1991. Am J Public Health 1996;86:1281-1288. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.86.9.1281
  4. LeMasters GK, Genaidy AM, Succop P, Deddens J, Sobeih T, Barriera-Viruet H, et al. Cancer risk among firefighters: a review and meta-analysis of 32 studies. J Occup Environ Med 2006;48:1189-1202. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000246229.68697.90
  5. Kim GS. Health hazards in firefighters. Korean Ind Health Assoc 2005;2:9-19.
  6. Minerbo GM, Jankovic J. Prevalence of Parkinson's disease among firefighters. Neurology 1990;40(Suppl):348.
  7. Duda JE, Giasson BI, Mabon ME, Miller DC, Golbe LI, Lee VM, et al. Concurrence of alpha-synuclein and tau brain pathology in the Contursi kindred. Acta Neuropathol 2002;104:7-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-002-0563-3
  8. Spencer DD, Robbins RJ, Naftolin F, Marek KL, Vollmer T, Leranth C, et al. Unilateral transplantation of human fetal mesencephalic tissue into the caudate nucleus of patients with Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1541-1548. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199211263272201
  9. Jeong HG. Nationwide survey on the prevalence of Parkinson's disease in Korea. Center for Disease Control & Prevention;2007.
  10. Hornykiewicz O. Dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) and brain function. Pharmacol Rew 1966;18:925-964.
  11. Ko SB. Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Korean Acad Fam Med 2003;24:1059-1068.
  12. Schirinzi T, Martella G, D'Elia A, Di Lazzaro G, Imbriani P, Madeo G, et al. Outlining a Population "at Risk" of Parkinson's Disease: Evidence from a Case-Control Study. Parkinsons Dis 2016;2016:9646057.
  13. Bolstad-Johnson DM, Burgess JL, Crutchfield CD, Storment S, Gerkin R, Wilson JR. Characterization of firefighter exposures during fire overhaul. AIHAJ 2000;61:636-641. https://doi.org/10.1202/0002-8894(2000)061<0636:COFEDF>2.0.CO;2
  14. Edelman P, Osterloh J, Pirkle J, Caudill SP, Grainger J, Jones R, et al. Biomonitoring of chemical exposure among New York City firefighters responding to the World Trade Center fire and collapse. Environ Health Perspect 2003;111:1906-1911. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6315
  15. Caux C, O'Brien C, Viau C. Determination of firefighter exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene during fire fighting using measurement of biological indicators. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 2002;17:379-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473220252864987
  16. Barnard RJ, Weber JS. Carbon monoxide: a hazard to fire fighters. Arch Environ Health 1979;34:255-257. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1979.10667410
  17. Baxter CS, Hoffman JD, Knipp MJ, Reponen T, Haynes EN. Exposure of firefighters to particulates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Occup Environ Hyg 2014;11:D85-D91. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2014.890286
  18. Brandt-Rauf PW, Fallon LF Jr, Tarantini T, Idema C, Andrews L. Health hazards of fire fighters: exposure assessment. Br J Ind Med 1988;45:606-612.
  19. Park C. Comprehensive analysis of exposed adverse factors in disaster response activities: focused on fire. J Korea Soc Disaster Inf 2014;10:420-430. https://doi.org/10.15683/kosdi.2014.10.3.420
  20. Kim JM, Lee HJ. Hazards exposed to firefighters in fire: physical, chemical, and biologic factors. J Korean Med Assoc 2008;51:1072-1077. https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2008.51.12.1072
  21. Laitinen J, Makela M, Mikkola J, Huttu I. Firefighters' multiple exposure assessments in practice. Toxicol Lett 2012;213:129-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.06.005
  22. Lai CY, Chou MC, Lin CL, Kao CH. I ncreased r isk of Parkinson disease in patients with carbon monoxide intoxication: a population based cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015;94:e869. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000000869
  23. Seidler A, Hellenbrand W, Robra BP, Vieregge P, Nischan P, Joerg J, et al. Possible environmental, occupational, and other etiologic factors for Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Germany. Neurology 1996;46:1275-1284. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.46.5.1275
  24. Pals P, Van Everbroeck B, Grubben B, Viaene MK, Dom R, van der Linden C, et al. Case-control study of environmental risk factors for Parkinson's disease in Belgium. Eur J Epidemiol 2003;18:1133-1142.
  25. Dhillon AS, Tarbutton GL, Levin JL, Plotkin GM, Lowry LK, Nalbone JT, et al. Pesticide/environmental exposures and Parkinson's disease in East Texas. J Agromedicine 2008;13:37-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/10599240801986215
  26. Willis AW, Evanoff BA, Lian M, Galarza A, Wegrzyn A, Schootman M, et al. Metal emissions and urban incident Parkinson disease: a community health study of medicare beneficiaries by using geographic information systems. Am J Epidemiol 2010;172:1357-1363. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq303
  27. Dick FD, De Palma G, Ahmadi A, Scott NW, Prescott GJ, Bennett J, et al. Environmental risk factors for Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonism: the Geoparkinson study. Occup Environ Med 2007;64:666-672. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2006.027003
  28. Gorell JM, Peterson EL, Rybicki BA, Johnson CC. Multiple risk factors for Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2004;217:169-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2003.09.014
  29. Weisskopf MG, Weuve J, Nie H, Saint-Hilaire MH, Sudarsky L, Simon DK, et al. Association of cumulative lead exposure with Parkinson's disease. Environ Health Perspect 2010;118:1609-1613. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002339
  30. Coon S, Stark A, Peterson E, Gloi A, Kortsha G, Pounds J, et al. Whole-body lifetime occupational lead exposure and risk of Parkinson's disease. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:1872-1876.
  31. Rybicki BA, Johnson CC, Peterson EL, Kortsha GX, Gorell JM. A family history of Parkinson's disease and its effect on other PD risk factors. Neuroepidemiology 1999;18:270-278. https://doi.org/10.1159/000026222
  32. Kirrane EF, Bowman C, Davis JA, Hoppin JA, Blair A, Chen H, et al. Associations of ozone and PM2.5 concentrations with parkinson's disease among participants in the agricultural health study. J Occup Environ Med 2015;57:509-517. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000451
  33. Palacios N, Fitzgerald KC, Hart JE, Weisskopf MG, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A, et al. Particulate matter and risk of Parkinson disease in a large prospective study of women. Environ Health 2014;13:80. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-13-80
  34. Ganong WF. Review of medical physiology. London: Prentice-Hall International;1995.
  35. Zhang J, Piantadosi CA. Mitochondrial oxidative stress after carbon monoxide hypoxia in the rat brain. J Clin Invest 1992;90:1193-1199. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI115980
  36. Kanthasamy AG, Borowitz JL, Pavlakovic G, Isom GE. Dopaminergic neurotoxicity of cyanide: neurochemical, histological, and behavioral characterization. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1994;126:156-163. https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1994.1102
  37. Smith RP, Gosselin RE. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning. J Occup Med 1979;21:93-97. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-197902000-00008
  38. Haider SS, Hasan M. Neurochemical changes by inhalation of environmental pollutants sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide: degradation of total lipids, elevation of lipid peroxidation and enzyme activity in discrete regions of the guinea pig brain and spinal cord. Ind Health 1984;22:23-31. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.22.23
  39. Zeliger HI. Exposure to lipophilic chemicals as a cause of neurological impairments, neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Interdiscip Toxicol 2013;6:103-110. https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2013-0018
  40. Voog L, Eriksson T. Toluene-induced decrease in rat plasma concentrations of tyrosine and tryptophan. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1984;54:151-153.
  41. Juorio AV, Yu PH. Effects of benzene and other organic solvents on the decarboxylation of some brain aromatic-L-amino acids. Biochem Pharmacol 1985;34:1381-1387. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(85)90674-4
  42. Patri M, Padmini A, Babu PP. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air and their neurotoxic potency in association with oxidative stress: a brief perspective. Ann Neurosci 2009;16:22-30. https://doi.org/10.5214/ans.0972.7531.2009.160109
  43. Hirsch EC, Faucheux BA. Iron metabolism and Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1998;13 Suppl 1:39-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870130111
  44. Paik SR, Shin HJ, Lee JH, Chang CS, Kim J. Copper(II)-induced self-oligomerization of alpha-synuclein. Biochem J 1999;340(Pt 3):821-828. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3400821
  45. Munch G, Gerlach M, Sian J, Wong A, Riederer P. Advanced glycation end products in neurodegeneration: more than early markers of oxidative stress? Ann Neurol 1998;44(3 Suppl 1):S85-S88. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410440713
  46. Oberdorster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, Elder A, Gelein R, Kreyling W, et al. Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain. Inhal Toxicol 2004;16:437-445. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370490439597
  47. Block ML, Calderon-Garciduenas L. Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease. Trends Neurosci 2009;32:506-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.009
  48. Veronesi B, Makwana O, Pooler M, Chen LC. Effects of subchronic exposures to concentrated ambient particles. VII. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Apo E-/- mice. Inhal Toxicol 2005;17:235-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370590912888
  49. Levesque S, Surace MJ, McDonald J, Block ML. Air pollution & the brain: subchronic diesel exhaust exposure causes neuroinflammation and elevates early markers of neurodegenerative disease. J Neuroinflammation 2011;8:105. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-8-105
  50. Levesque S, Taetzsch T, Lull ME, Kodavanti U, Stadler K, Wagner A, et al. Diesel exhaust activates and primes microglia: air pollution, neuroinflammation, and regulation of dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Environ Health Perspect 2011;119:1149-1155. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002986