Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety (한국식품위생안전성학회지)

The Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety (한국식품위생안전성학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Study on Processing Methods to Remove Toxic Ptaquiloside from Bracken Fern

고사리의 독성물질 Ptaquiloside 제거방법 연구

  • Lee, Hyang-Hee (Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju Metropolitan City) ;
  • Kim, Ae-Gyeong (Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju Metropolitan City) ;
  • Lee, Min-Gyou (Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju Metropolitan City) ;
  • Choi, Su-Yeon (Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju Metropolitan City) ;
  • Seo, Jin-Jong (Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju Metropolitan City) ;
  • Kim, Eun-Sun (Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju Metropolitan City) ;
  • Seo, Kye-Won (Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju Metropolitan City) ;
  • Cho, Bae-Sik (Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju Metropolitan City)
  • 이향희 (광주광역시 보건환경연구원) ;
  • 김애경 (광주광역시 보건환경연구원) ;
  • 이민규 (광주광역시 보건환경연구원) ;
  • 최수연 (광주광역시 보건환경연구원) ;
  • 서진종 (광주광역시 보건환경연구원) ;
  • 김은선 (광주광역시 보건환경연구원) ;
  • 서계원 (광주광역시 보건환경연구원) ;
  • 조배식 (광주광역시 보건환경연구원)
  • Received : 2017.03.02
  • Accepted : 2017.05.29
  • Published : 2017.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The ptaquiloside is a carcinogenic compound from bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum L). This study was to evaluate the content of ptaquiloside in bracken fern by various processing methods. The processing methods were heated and immersed time, water exchange number, and so on. Akali hydrolysis and solvent fractionation of ptaquiloside in bracken fern leads to the non-toxic and chemically stable pterosin B. The contents of pterosin B was analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS on mobile phase 3 mM ammonium acetate and methanol. The contents of total pterosin B in non-processing bracken fern in water extraction was 81.0 mg/kg and toxic ptaquiloside of them was 46.4 mg/kg. The heating time of 5 minutes removed 60% about the contents of pterosin B in the bracken fern, and two-thirds of them were already non-toxic pterosin B, namely were not transfered from ptaquiloside. Additional immersed time (12h), the pterosin B in bracken fern was 10 mg/kg, it was removed 87.6% and once every hour, water exchange times were removed 99.5% in comparison with them of untreated bracken fern and two-thirds of them were non-toxic pterosin B. To remove of ptaquiloside in bracken fern, heat, immersion, and water exchange times shall be carried out simultaneously.

Ptaquiloside는 고사리에 들어 있는 발암성 물질이다. 본 연구는 다양한 조리법에 따라 고사리에 함유된 ptaquiloside을 측정해 보고자 하였다. 조리법은 가열, 물에 침지, 물교환 횟수 등이었다. 알칼리 가수분해와 용매분획은 ptaquiloside를 화학적으로 안정한 물질인 pterosin B로 전환시켜 주었다. Pterosin B 함량은 이동상용매로 3 mM ammonium과 메탄올 용매를 사용하여 UPLC-MS/MS로 분석하였다. 조리과정이 없는 생고사리의 $H_2O$추출물에 함유된 pterosin B함량은 81 mg/kg으로 검출되어 독성물질 ptaquiloside는 46.4 mg/kg이었다. 5분의 가열 시간 후 고사리의 pterosin B 함량은 약 60%정도 제거시켜주며, 이 중 2/3는 ptaquiloside에서 전환된 pterosin B가 아닌 고사리 고유의 ptersoin B 함량이었다. 12시간 침지를 추가한 고사리는 처리하지 않은 고사리에 비해 약 88%, 또한 매시간 물교환 작업을 추가시 99.5%까지 제거됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 독성물질 ptaquiloside의 제거는 가열시간과 더불어 침지와 물 교환 횟수도 동시에 이루어져야 함을 알 수 있었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Park, C.H., Kim, K.H., Yook, H.S.: Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum Kuhn) according to cooking methods. Korean J. Food & Nutr., 27, 348-357 (2014). https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2014.27.3.348
  2. Lee, S.S., Jeong, J.G., Choi, C.H., Kim, J.H.: A Herbalogical study on the plants of pteridaceae in Korea. Kor. J. Herbology, 23, 33-40 (2008).
  3. Rasmussen, L.H., Donnelly, E., Strobel, B.W., Holm, P.E., Hansen, H.C.B.: Land management of bracken needs to account for bracken carcinogens-a case study from Britain. Journal of environmental management, 151, 258-266 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.12.052
  4. Clauson-Kaas, F., Jensen, P.H., Jacobsen, O.S., Juhler, R.K., Hansen, H.C.B.: The naturally occurring carcinogen ptaquiloside is presents in groundwater below bracken vegetation. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 33, 1030-1034 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2533
  5. Yamada, K., Ojika, M., Kigoshi, H.: Ptaquiloside, the major toxin of bracken, and related terpene glycosides: chemistry, biology and ecology. Natural product reports, 24, 798-813 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1039/b614160a
  6. Gil da Costa, R.M., Bastos, M.M.S.M., Oliveira, P.A., Lopes, C.: Bracken- associated human and animal health hazards: Chemical, biological and pathological evidence. Journal of hazardous materials, 203, 1-12 (2012).
  7. Masaru, Y., Toshiyuki, S.: Acute toxicity of braxin C, a bracken toxin in guinea pigs. The journal of toxicological sciences, 19, 17-23 (1994). https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.19.17
  8. Sheo, H.J., Lee, M.Y.: A toxocological study of young fronds of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum var latiusculum) collected in Kwang Ju area. J. Korean Soc. Food Nutr., 18, 255-264 (1989).
  9. Pia, H.J., Ole, S.J., Hans C.B.H., Rene, K.J.: Quantification of ptaquiloside and pterosin B in soil and groundwater using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J. Agric. Food Chem, 56, 9848-9854 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf801986u
  10. Angela, C.T., Augusta, J.S., Luz, M.S.P., Betty, M.D., Evangelina, M.F.: Risk by human health for invasion of Pteridium arachnoideum, in Bolivar, Ecuador paquiloside's content in fronds and milk. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 4, 84-94 (2014).
  11. Somvanshi, R., Lauren, D.R., Smith, B.L. Dawra, R. K. Sharma, O.P., Sharma V.K., Singh, A.K., Gangwar, N.K.: Estimation of the fern toxin, ptaquiloside, in certain indian ferns other than bracken. Current Science, 91, 1547-1552 (1996).
  12. Paulo, C.R.A., Hans, C.B.H.: Determination of ptquiloside and pterosin B derived from bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) in cattle plasma, urin and milk. Journal of Chromatography B, 951, 44-51 (2014).
  13. Lars, H.R., Bjorn, S., Elizabeth, S.: Ptaquiloside in bracken spores from Britain. Chemosphere, 90, 2539-2541 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.092
  14. Tjatur Rasa, F. S., Saito, T., Satoh, H.: The hemolytic activity of bracken extracts and guinea pigs. J. Vet. Med. Sci, 61, 129-133 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.61.129
  15. Rasmussen, L.H., Hansen, H.C.B., Lauren, D.: Sorption, degradation and mobility of ptaquiloside, a carcinogenic bracken (Pteridium sp.) constituent, in the soil environment. Chemosphere, 58, 823-835 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.088
  16. Rasmussen, L.H., Jansen, L.S., Hansen, H.C.B.: Distribution of the carcinogenic terpen ptaquiloside in bracken fronds, rhizomes (Pteridium aquilinum), and litter in Denmark. J. Chem. Ecol, 29, 771-778 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022885006742
  17. Francesco, B., Giorgio, B., Rosario, N., Saverio, R.F., Francesco, D.G., Romano, M., Adriano, S., Cinzia, R., Antonio, T., Franco, R., Valeria, R., Sante, R.: A new, very sensitive method of assessment of ptaquiloside, the major bracken carcinogen in the milk of farm animals. Food chemistry, 124, 660-665 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.059
  18. Clauson-Kaas, F., Hansen, H. C., Strobel, B. W.: UPLC-MS/MS determination of ptaquiloside and pterosin B in preserved natural water. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 408, 7981-7990 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9895-z
  19. Agnew, M.P., Lauren, D.R.: Determination of ptaquiloside in bracken fern (Pteridium esculentum). J. Chromatogr., 538, 462-468 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)88870-1
  20. Skourti-Stathaki, E., Clauson-Kaas, F., Brandt, K.K., Rasmussen, L.H., Hansen, H.C.B.: Dissipation of pterosin B in acid soils-tracking the fate of the bracken fern carcinogen ptaquiloside. Chemosphere, 165, 453-459 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.050
  21. Clauson-Kaas, F., Ramwell, C., Hansen, H.C.B., Strobel, B.W.: Ptaquiloside from bracken in stream water at base flow and during storm events. Water research, 106, 155-162 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.049
  22. http://koreanfood.rda.go.kr/kfi/fct/fctFoodSrch/list