DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Santa Ana winds of Southern California: Winds, gusts, and the 2007 Witch fire

  • Fovell, Robert G. (Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York) ;
  • Cao, Yang (Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Arizona)
  • Received : 2016.01.08
  • Accepted : 2016.03.10
  • Published : 2017.06.25

Abstract

The Santa Ana winds occur in Southern California during the September-May time frame, bringing low humidities across the area and strong winds at favored locations, which include some mountain gaps and on particular slopes. The exceptionally strong event of late October 2007, which sparked and/or spread numerous fires across the region, is compared to more recent events using a numerical model verified against a very dense, limited-area network (mesonet) that has been recently deployed in San Diego County. The focus is placed on the spatial and temporal structure of the winds within the lowest two kilometers above the ground within the mesonet, along with an attempt to gauge winds and gusts occurring during and after the onset of October 2007's Witch fire, which became one of the largest wildfires in California history.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : San Diego Gas and Electric Company

References

  1. Aboshosha, H. and A. El Damatty (2015), "Dynamic response of transmission line conductors under downburst and synoptic winds", Wind Struct., 21(2), 241-272. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2015.21.2.241
  2. Arakawa, A. and Lamb, V. R. (1977), "Computational design of the basic dynamical processes of the UCLA general circulation model", Methods in Computational Physics: Advances in Research and Applications, 17, 173-265.
  3. Brasseur, O. (2001), Development and application of a physical approach to estimating wind gusts", Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 5-25. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0005:DAAOAP>2.0.CO;2
  4. Cao, Y. (2015), "The Santa Ana winds of Southern California in the context of fire weather", Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
  5. Cao, Y. and Fovell, R.G. (2013), "Predictability and sensitivity of downslope windstorms in San Diego County", Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Mesoscale Processes, Portland, OR, American Meteorological Society, https://ams.confex.com/ams/15MESO/webprogram/Paper228055.html
  6. Cao, Y. and Fovell, R.G. (2016), "Downslope windstorms of San Diego County. Part I: A Case Study", Mon. Weather Rev., 144, 529-552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0147.1
  7. Chang, C.H. and Schoenberg, F.P. (2011), "Testing separability in marked multidimensional point processes with covariates", Ann. Inst. Stat. Math., 63, 1103-1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10463-010-0284-7
  8. Conil, S. and Hall, A. (2006), "Local regimes of atmospheric variability: A case study of Southern California", J. Climate, 19, 4308-4325. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3837.1
  9. Deacon, E. L. (1955), "Gust variation with height up to 150 m", Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 562-573. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49708135005
  10. Durran, D. R. (1986), "Another look at downslope windstorms. Part I: The development of analogs to supercritical flow in an infinitely deep, continuously stratified fluid." J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2527-2543. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<2527:ALADWP>2.0.CO;2
  11. Fovell, R.G. (2012), "Downslope windstorms of San Diego county: Sensitivity to resolution and model physics", Proceedings of the 13th WRF Users Workshop, Boulder, CO, Nat. Center for Atmos. Res. https://www.regonline.com/AttendeeDocuments/1077122/43389114/43389114_1045166.pdf
  12. Fovell, R.G. and Cao, Y. (2014), "Wind and gust forecasting in complex terrain", Proceedings of the 15th WRF Users Workshop, Boulder, CO, Nat. Center for Atmos. Res. http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/workshops/WS2014/extended_abstracts/5a.2.pdf
  13. Huang, C., Lin, Y.L., Kaplan, M.L. and Charney, J.J. (2009), "Synoptic-scale and mesoscale en-vironments conducive to forest fires during the October 2003 extreme fire event in Southern California", J. Appl. Meteor. Clim., 48, 553-579. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC1818.1
  14. Hughes, M. and Hall, A. (2010), "Local and synoptic mechanisms causing Southern California's Santa Ana winds", Clim. Dynam., 34(6), 847-857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0650-4
  15. Jackson, P.L., Mayr, G. and Vosper, S. (2013), Dynamically-driven winds. Mountain Weather Research and Forecasting, (Eds., F.K. Chow, S.F.J.D. Wekker, and B.J. Snyder), Springer-Verlag, 121-218.
  16. Jones, C., Fujioka, F. and Carvalho, L.M.V. (2010), "Forecast skill of synoptic conditions associated with Santa Ana Winds in Southern California", Mon. Weather Rev., 138, 4528-4541. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3406.1
  17. Lou, W., Wang, J., Chen, Y., Lv, Z. and Lu, M. (2016), "Effect of motion path of downburst on wind-induced conductor swing in transmission line", Wind Struct., 23(3), 211-229. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2016.23.3.211
  18. Mesinger, F., et al. (2006), "North American regional reanalysis", Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 87, 343-360. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-87-3-343
  19. Monahan, H.H. and Armendariz, M. (1971), "Gust factor variations with height and atmospheric stability", J. Geophys. Res., 76, 5807-5818. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC076i024p05807
  20. Pleim, J.E. (2007), "A combined local and non-local closure model for the atmospheric boundary layer. Part I: Model description and testing", J. Appl. Meteor. Clim., 46, 1383-1395. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2539.1
  21. Pleim, J.E. and Xiu, A. (1995), "Development and testing of a surface flux and planetary boundary layer model for application in mesoscale models", J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 16-32. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450-34.1.16
  22. Raphael, M.N. (2003), "The Santa Ana winds of California", Earth Interact., 7, 1-13.
  23. Skamarock, W.C., et al. (2007), "A description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2", National Center for Atmospheric Research, Tech. Note NCAR/TN-468+STR, 88.
  24. Small, I.J. (1995), "Santa Ana winds and the fire outbreak of Fall 1993", NOAA Technical Memorandum, National Weather Service Scientific Services Division, Western Region.
  25. Smith, C.M. and Skyllingstad, E.D. (2011), "Effects of inversion height and surface heat flux on downslope windstorms", Mon. Weather Rev., 139, 3750-3764. https://doi.org/10.1175/2011MWR3619.1
  26. Sommers, W.T. (1978), "LFM forecast variables related to Santa Ana wind occurrences", Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 1307-1316.
  27. Stensrud, D.J. (2007), Parameterization Schemes: Keys to Understanding Numerical Weather Prediction Models. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  28. Suomi, I., Vihma, T., Gryning, S.E. and Fortelius, C. (2013), "Wind-gust parametrizations at heights relevant for wind energy: a study based on mast observations", Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 1298-1310. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2039
  29. Verkaik, J.W. (2000), "Evaluation of two gustiness models for exposure correction calculations", J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 1613-1626. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<1613:EOTGMF>2.0.CO;2
  30. Vosper, S.B. (2004), "Inversion effects on mountain lee waves", Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 1723-1748, doi:10.1256/qj.03.63.
  31. Westerling, A.L., Cayan, D.R., Brown, T.J., Hall, B.L. and Riddle, L.G. (2004), "Climate, Santa Ana winds and autumn wildfires in Southern California", Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 85, 289-296.
  32. Wieringa, J. (1976), "An objective exposure correction method for average wind speeds measured at a sheltered location", Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 102(431), 241-253, doi:10.1002/qj.49710243119.
  33. Xiu, A. and Pleim, J.E. (2001), "Development of a land surface model. Part I: Application in a mesoscale model", J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 192-209. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<0192:DOALSM>2.0.CO;2
  34. Yang, F. and Zhang, H.J. (2016), "Two case studies on structural analysis of transmission towers under downburst", Wind Struct., 22(6), 685-701. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2016.22.6.685

Cited by

  1. Winds and Gusts during the Thomas Fire vol.1, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/fire1030047
  2. Characteristics of Sundowner Winds Near Santa Barbara, CA, From a Dynamically Downscaled Climatology: Environment and Effects Aloft and Offshore vol.123, pp.23, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd029065
  3. Regions of influence and environmental effects of Santa Ana wind event vol.12, pp.9, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00719-3
  4. Evaluating the Ability of FARSITE to Simulate Wildfires Influenced by Extreme, Downslope Winds in Santa Barbara, California vol.3, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/fire3030029