Food Science of Animal Resources (한국축산식품학회지)

Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources (한국축산식품학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Prevalence and Comparing of Some Microbiological Properties, Somatic Cell Count and Antibiotic Residue of Organic and Conventional Raw Milk Produced in Turkey

  • Urkek, Bayram (Department of Food Processing, Siran Mustafa Beyaz Vocational High School) ;
  • Sengul, Mustafa (Department of Food Engineering, College of Agriculture, Ataturk University) ;
  • Erkaya, Tuba (Department of Food Processing, Vocational High School, Ataturk University) ;
  • Aksakal, Vecihi (Veterinary Department, Vocational High School, Bayburt University)
  • Received : 2016.10.01
  • Accepted : 2017.03.11
  • Published : 2017.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of production systems and milk collection periods on the somatic cell count (SCC), some microbiological properties, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), coliform, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), yeast and mould) and antibiotic residue of milk; in Turkey. Milk samples were collected from 9 conventional farms and 9 organic farms during one year time, at six different months (December 2013 to October 2014), and all farms were selected from the same geographical locations. All organically managed farms had organic production certificates given by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. The count of TAMB, coliform, and coagulase positive S. aureus were affected by production systems at the level of p<0.01; yeast and mold, and somatic cell count (SCC) were affected at the level of p<0.05. But, differences according to months were statistically significant only on TAMB (p<0.01) and coliform (p<0.05) counts. The general means of TAMB, coliform and yeast and mould counts of the organic milk (OM) were significantly lower (p<0.05), while the general means of SCC and coagulase positive S. aureus count of the OM was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to conventional milk (CM). Antibiotic residue was determined in one of the CM sample and in two of the OM samples. Our study is the first research that compared conventional and organic milk in Turkey. This study indicated that the microbiological quality of OM was the higher in terms of TAMB, coliform and yeast and mould, whereas was the lower in relation to SCC and coagulase positive S. aureus counts. But, the quality of both milk types should be improved.

Keywords

References

  1. Ak, I. and Guldas, M. (2014) Organic animal husbandry in Turkey and Middle East. IAHA-Preconference and Workshop, İstanbul, pp. 28-31.
  2. Anonymous. (1992) The health rules for the production and placing on the market of raw milk, heat-treated milk and milkbased products. European Council Directive 92/46/EEC, Luxembourg.
  3. Anonymous. (2016) Charm Sciences Inc. https://www.charm.com/rosa-lateral-flow-antibiotic-strips/79-beta-lactams/242-mrlbl3
  4. Anonymous. (2017) Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. http://www.tarim.gov.tr/Konular/Bitkisel-Uretim/Organik-Tarim/Istatistikler
  5. Barbano, D. M., Ma, Y., and Santos, M. V. (2006) Influence of raw milk quality on fluid milk shelf life. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 15-19. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72065-3
  6. Bennedsgaard, T. W., Thamsborg, S. M., Vaarst, M., and Enevoldsen, C. (2003) Eleven years of organic dairy production in Denmark: Herd health and production related to time of conversion and compared to conventional production. Livest. Prod. Sci. 80, 121-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00312-3
  7. Beykaya, M. (2010) Determination of physical, chemical and microbiological properties of milk collected by some dairy plants in Sivas. Masters thesis, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey.
  8. Boynukara, B., Gulhan, T., Alisarli, M., Gurturk, K., and Solmaz, H. (2008) Classical enterotoxigenic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in Van, Turkey. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 125, 209-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.03.024
  9. Bradley, A. J. (2002) Bovine mastitis: An evolving disease. Vet. J. 164, 116-128. https://doi.org/10.1053/tvjl.2002.0724
  10. Cermanova, I., Hanus, O., Roubal, P., Vyletelova, M., Gencurova, V., Jedelska, R., Kopecky, J., and Dolinkova, A. (2011) Effect of organic farming on selected raw cow milk components and properties. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, 81-92.
  11. Chye, F. Y., Abdullah, A., and Ayob, M. K. (2004) Bacteriological quality and safety of raw milkin Malaysia. Food Microbiol. 21, 535-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2003.11.007
  12. Cicconi-Hogan, K. M., Gamroth, M., Richert, R., Ruegg, P. L., Stiglbauer, K. E., and Schukke, Y. H. (2013a) Risk factors associated with bulk tank standard plate count, bulk tank coliform count, and the presence of Staphylococcus aureus on organic and conventional dairy farms in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 96, 7578-7590. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6505
  13. Cicconi-Hogan, K. M., Gamroth, M., Richert, R., Ruegg, P. L., Stiglbauer, K. E., and Schukke, Y. H. (2013b) Associations of risk factors with somatic cell count in bulk tank milk on organic and conventional dairy farms in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 96, 3689-3702. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6271
  14. Ellis, K. A., McLean, W. G., Grove-White, D. H., Cripps, P. J., Howard, C. V. and Mihm, M. (2005) Studies comparing the composition of milk produced on organic and conventional dairy farms in the UK. Systems Development: Quality and Safety of Organic Livestock Products, Proceedings of the 4th SAFO (Sustaning Animal Health and Food Safety in Organic Farming) Workshop, Frick, Switzerland, p. 41-45. http://orgprints.org/5965/
  15. Ellis, K. A., Mihm, M., Innocent, G., Cripps, P., McLean, W. G., Howard, C. V., and Grove-White, D. G. (2006) Milk hygiene quality and clinical mastitis incidence on UK conventional and organic dairy farms. Proceedings of The 11th International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics. www.sciquest.org.nz.
  16. Engin, B., Guneser, O., and Yuceer, Y. K.(2009) Effect of ultraviolet light on microbiological propertiies of milk. Gida 34, 303-308.
  17. Ergin-Kaya, S. and Filazi, A. (2010) Determination of antibiotic residues in milk samples. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 16, 31-35.
  18. Gillespie, B. E., Lewis, M. J., Boonyayatra, S., Maxwell, M. L., Saxton, A., Oliver, S. P., and Almeida, R. A. (2012) Evaluation of bulk tank milk microbiological quality of nine dairy farms in Tennessee. J. Dairy Sci. 95, 4275-4279. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4881
  19. Hamilton, C., Emanuelson, U., Forslund, K., Hansson, I., and Ekman, T. (2006) Mastitis and related management factors in certified organic dairy herds in Sweden. Acta Vet. Scand. 48, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-48-1
  20. Hansson, I., Hamilton, C., Ekman, T., and Forslund, K. (2000) Carcass quality in certified organic production compared with conventional livestock production. J. Vet. Med. B 47, 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0450.2000.00313.x
  21. Harmon, R. J. (1994) Symposium: Mastitis and genetic evaluation for somatic cell count-Physiology of mastitis and factors affecting somatic cell counts. J. Dairy Sci. 77, 2103-2112. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77153-8
  22. Hovi, M., Sundrum, A., and Thamsborg, S. M. (2003) Animal health and welfare in organic livestock production in Europe: current state and future challenges. Livest. Prod. Sci. 80, 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00320-2
  23. Jamali, H., Paydar, M., Radnehr, B., Ismail, S., and Dadrasnia, A. (2015) Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk and dairy products. Food Control 54, 383-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.02.013
  24. Kesenkaş, H. and Akbulut, N. (2010) Determination of milk quality produced from middle and large scale dairy farms and informal/street milk quality sold in Izmir. Ege Univ. Ziraat Fak. Derg. 47, 161-169.
  25. Koburger, J. A. and Marth, E. H. (1984) Yeasts and Moulds. In: Richardson, G. H. (ed) Compendium of methods for the micrrobiological examination of foods. Washington DC, pp. 133-149.
  26. Kourimska, L., Legarova, V., Panovska, Z., and Panek, J. (2014) Quality of cows' milk from organic and conventional farming. Czech J. Food Sci. 32, 398-405. https://doi.org/10.17221/510/2012-CJFS
  27. Kurekci, C., Pehlivanlar Önen, S, Yipel, M., Aslantas, O., and Gundogdu, A. (2016) Characterisation of phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance profile of enterococci from cheeses in Turkey. Korean J. Food Sci. An. 36, 352-358. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.3.352
  28. Leu, A. (2007) Organic food benefits. Organic Federation of Australia. http://www.ofa.org.au/industry_papers
  29. Linage, B., Rodriguez-Calleja, J. M., Otero, A., Garcia-Lopez, M. L., and Santos, J. A. (2012) Characterization of coagulasepositive staphylococci isolated from tank and silo ewe milk. J. Dairy Sci. 95, 1639-1644. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4734
  30. Malek dos Reis, C. B., Barreirp, M. L., Porcionto, M. A. F., and dos Santos, M. V. (2013) Effect of somatic cell count and mastitis pathogens on milk composition in Gyr cows. BMC Vet. Res. 9, 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-9-67
  31. Man, C., Mihai, Gh., Man, C. A., Odagiu, A. and Albert, I. (2004) The development of organic livestock production in Romania. Proceedings of the 3rd SAFO (Sustaning Animal Health and Food Safety in Organic Farming) Workshop, Falenty, Poland, pp. 133-143.
  32. Messer, J. W., Behney, H. M., and Leudecke, L. O. (1985) Microbiological Count Methods. In: Richardson GH (ed) Standard methods for the examination of dairy products (APHA). 15th ed, Washington DC, pp. 133-149.
  33. Millogo, V., Sjaunja, K. S., Ouerdraogo, G. A., and Agenas, S. (2010) Raw milk hygiene at farms, processing units and local markets in Burkina Faso. Food Control 21, 1070-1074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.12.029
  34. OFL (2010) Organic Farming Legislation, published by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, 27676 numbered Turkey Official Gazette, Available at: http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/08/20100818-4.htm.
  35. Olivo, C. J., Beck, L. I., Gabbi, A. M., Charao, P. S., Sobczak, M. F., Uberty, L. F. G., Durr, J. W., and Filho, R. A. (2005) Composition and somatic cell count of milk in conventional and agro-ecological farms: A comparative study in Depressão Central, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Livestock Research for Rural Development 17, 72.
  36. Pantoja, J. C. F., Reinemann, D. J., and Ruegg, P. L. (2009) Associations among milk quality indicators in raw bulk milk. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 4978-4987. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2329
  37. Pichhardt, K. (2004) Gida mikrobiyolojisi ve gida endustrisi icin temel esaslar ve uygulamalar. Literatur Yayinlari, Manisa, pp. 176-178. (in Turkey)
  38. Rajala-Schultz, P. J., Torres, A. H., and DeGraves, F. J. (2011) Milk yield and somatic cell count during the following lactation after selective treatment of cows at dry-off. J. Dairy Res. 78, 489-499. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029911000690
  39. Ruegg, P. L. (2008) Management of mastitis on organic & conventional dairy farms. J. Anim. Sci. 87, 43-45. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-1217
  40. Saltan Evrensel, S., Temelli, S., and Anar, S. (2003) Detection of critical control points in white cheese production in small dairy plants. Turk J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 27, 29-35.
  41. Sant'Anna, A. C. and Paranhos da Costa, M. J. R. (2011) The relationship between dairy cow hygiene and somatic cell count in milk. J. Dairy Sci. 94, 3835-3844. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3951
  42. Sato, K., Bartlett, P. C., Erskine, R. J., and Kaneene, J. B. (2005) A comparison of production and management between Wisconsin organic and conventional dairy herds. Livest. Prod. Sci. 93, 105-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.09.007
  43. Smith, K. L. (1996) Standards for somatic cells in milk: Physiological and regulatory, Mastitis Newsletter, Newsletters of the IDF, No 144 pp. 7-9.
  44. Speck, N. L. (1976) Compendium of methods for the examination of foods. APHA Washington, DC, USA.
  45. Tesfaye, G. Y., Regassa, F. G., and Kelay, B. (2010) Milk yield and associated economic losses in quarters with subclinical mastitis due to Staphylococcus aureus in Ethiopian crossbred dairy cows. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 42, 925-931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-009-9509-2
  46. Turkish Food Codex (2000) Raw milk and heat-treated milk regulation. Ankara.
  47. Worku, T., Negera, E., Nurfeta, A., and Welearegay, H. (2012) Microbiological quality and safety of raw milk collected from Borana pastoral community, Oromia Regional State. Afr. J. Food Sci. 3, 213-222.

Cited by

  1. Organic food and the impact on human health pp.1549-7852, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1394815
  2. Fluorescent aptasensor for detection of four tetracycline veterinary drugs in milk based on catalytic hairpin assembly reaction and displacement of G-quadruplex vol.410, pp.12, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-0981-2