Environmental Engineering Research

  • 제22권1호
  • /
  • Pages.19-30
  • /
  • 2017
  • /
  • 1226-1025(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2005-968X(eISSN)
대한환경공학회 (Korean Society of Environmental Engineers)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Study on the response surface optimization of online upgrading of bio-oil with MCM-41 and catalyst durability analysis

  • Liu, Sha (School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University) ;
  • Cai, Yi-xi (School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University) ;
  • Fan, Yong-sheng (School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University) ;
  • Li, Xiao-hua (School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University) ;
  • Wang, Jia-jun (School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University)
  • Received : 2016.05.26
  • Accepted : 2016.09.06
  • Published : 2017.03.31
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

Abstract

Direct catalysis of vapors from vacuum pyrolysis of biomass was performed on MCM-41 to investigate the effects of operating parameters including catalyzing temperature, catalyzing bed height and system pressure on the organic yields. Optimization of organic phase yield was further conducted by employing response surface methodology. The statistical analysis showed that operating parameters have significant effects on the organic phase yield. The organic phase yield first increases and then decreases as catalyzing temperature and catalyzing bed height increase, and decreases as system pressure increases. The optimal conditions for the maximum organic phase yield were obtained at catalyzing temperature of $502.7^{\circ}C$, catalyzing bed height of 2.74 cm and system pressure of 6.83 kPa, the organic phase yield amounts to 15.84% which is quite close to the predicted value 16.19%. The H/C, O/C molar ratios (dry basis), density, pH value, kinematic viscosity and high heat value of the organic phase obtained at optimal conditions were 1.287, 0.174, $0.98g/cm^3$, 5.12, $5.87mm^2/s$ and 33.08 MJ/kg, respectively. Organic product compositions were examined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and the analysis showed that the content of oxygenated aromatics in organic phase had decreased and hydrocarbons had increased, and the hydrocarbons in organic phase were mainly aliphatic hydrocarbons. Besides, thermo-gravimetric analysis of the MCM-41 zeolite was conducted within air atmosphere and the results showed that when the catalyst continuously works over 100 min, the index of physicochemical properties of bio-oil decreases gradually from 1.15 to 0.45, suggesting that the refined bio-oil significantly deteriorates. Meanwhile, the coke deposition of catalyst increases from 4.97% to 14.81%, which suggests that the catalytic activity significantly decreases till the catalyst completely looses its activity.

Keywords

References

  1. Zhang Q, Chang J, Wang TJ, Xu Y. Review of biomass pyrolysis oil properties and upgrading research. Energ. Convers. Manage. 2007;48:87-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2006.05.010
  2. Vamvuka D. Bio-oil, solid and gaseous biofuels from biomass pyrolysis processes-An overview. Int. J. Energ. Res. 2011;35:835-862. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.1804
  3. Zhang W, Zhao ZL, Zheng AQ, Chang S, Li HB. Characterization and storage stability analysis of bio-oil. J. Fuel Chem. Technol. 2012;40:184-189.
  4. Xiong WM, Fu Y, Lu Q, Guo QX. Aging behavior and mechanism of bio-oil. Sci. China Press 2009;54:2188-2195.
  5. Xu Y, Wang TJ, Ma LL, Zhang Q, Wang L. Upgrading of liquid fuel from the vacuum pyrolysis of biomass over the Mo-Ni/${\gamma}$-$Al_2O_3$ catalysts. Biomass Bioenerg. 2009;33:1030-1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.03.002
  6. Xu JM, Jiang JC, Sun YJ, Lu YJ. A novel method of upgrading bio-oil by reactive rectification. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica 2009;30:238-240.
  7. Antonakou E, Lappas A, Nilsen MH, Bouzga A, Stocker M. Evaluation of various types of Al-MCM-41 materials as catalysts in biomass pyrolysis for the production of bio-fuels and chemicals. Fuel 2006;85:2202-2212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.03.021
  8. Zhou JS, Wang TZ, Luo ZY, Zhang XD, Wang SR, Cen KF. Catalytic cracking of biomass tar. J. Fuel Chem. Technol. 2003;31:144-148.
  9. Cao WW, Yang ZL, Chen MQ, Liu SM, Zhang WT. Influence of three transition metal oxides on products of biomass by microwave assisted fast catalytic pyrolysis. Renew. Energ. Resour. 2014;32:703-708.
  10. Liu GF, Zang JZ, Yu HB, Wang SZ, Li B. Advances in synthesis of Y zeolite by kaolin. Ind. Catal. 2014;22:893-899.
  11. Yang CZ, Zhang CH, Zheng JM. Study on the synthesis of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene using ${\beta}$-zeolite as catalyst. Tianjin Chem. Ind. 2006;20:20-23.
  12. Ilipoulou EF, Stefanidis SD, Kalogiannis KG, Delimitis A, Lappas AA, Triantafyllidis KS. Catalytic upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapors using transition metal-modified ZSM-5 zeolite. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2012;127:281-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.08.030
  13. Bao WR, Xue XL, Cao Q, Lu JJ, Lu YK. Study on biomass pyrolytic liquid products with MCM-41/SBA-15 as catalyst. J. Fuel Chem. Technol. 2006;34:675-679.
  14. Fan YS, Cai YX, Li XH, Yu N, Yin HY. Catalytic upgrading of pyrolytic vapors from the vacuum pyrolysis of rape straw over nanocrystalline HZSM-5 zeolite in a two-stage fixed-bed reactor. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 2014;108:185-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2014.05.001
  15. Kresge C, Leonowicz ME, Beck JS. Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves synthesized by a liquid-crystal temp late mechanism. Nature 1992;359:710-712. https://doi.org/10.1038/359710a0
  16. Chang C, Guo QJ, Wang XY, Zhong WC. Study on catalytic pyrolysis of chlorella to bio-oil with MCM-41/H${\beta}$as catalyst. J. Qingdao U. Sci. Technol. (Nat. Sci. Edit.) 2014;35:270-276.
  17. Li WL, Liu YQ, Liu CY, Liu CG. Hydrogenation properties of Mo-Ni-P catalyst on MCM-41 supported. Acta Petrolei Sinica (Petrol. Process. Sec.) 2004;2:69-74.
  18. Kaldstrom M, Kumar N, Heikkila T, Tiitta M, Salmi T, Murzin DY. Transformation of levoglucosan over H-MCM-22 zeolite and H-MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieve catalysts. Biomass Bioenerg. 2011;35:1967-1976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.046
  19. Iliopoulou EF, Antonakou EV, Karakoulia SA, Vasalos IA, Lappas AA, Triantafyllidis KS. Catalytic conversion of biomass pyrolysis products by mesoporous materials: Effect of steam stability and acidity of Al-MCM-41 catalysts. Chem. Eng. J. 2007;134:51-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2007.03.066
  20. Judit A, Marianne B, Erika M, et al. Pyrolysis of biomass in the presence of Al-MCM-41 type catalysts. Fuel 2005;84:1494-1502.
  21. Eleni A, Angelos L, Merete HN, Aud B, Michael S. Evaluation of various types of Al-MCM-41 materials as catalysts in biomass pyrolysis for the production of bio-fuels and chemicals. Fuel 2006;85:2202-2212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.03.021
  22. Fan YS, Cai YX, Li XH, Zhang WD, Yu N. Influence of process parameters on bio-oil yield by vacuum pyrolysis. Chem. Ind. Forest Prod. 2014;34:79-84.
  23. Garnev I, Orlinov V. Evaluation and parametric modeling of abrasive wear resistance of ion-plated thin DLC films. Diam. Relat. Mater. 1995;4:1041-1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-9635(95)00286-3
  24. Marcos AB, Ricardo ES, Eliane PO, Leonardo SV, Luciane AE. Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry. Talanta 2008;76:965-977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.05.019
  25. Khuri AI, Mukhopadhyay S. Response surface methodology. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. Stat. 2010;2:128-149. https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.73
  26. Nath A, Chattopadhyay PK. Optimization of technology for puffing barley in high temperature short-time. J. Food Eng. 2007;80:1282-1292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.09.023
  27. Sayan G, Manohar CS. An improved response surface method for the determination of failure probability and importance measures. Struct. Saf. 2004;26:123-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4730(03)00021-3
  28. Fan YS, Cai YX, Li XH, et al. Rape straw as a source of bio-oil via vacuum pyrolysis: Optimization of bio-oil yield using orthogonal design method and characterization of bio-oil. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 2014;106:63-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.12.011
  29. Yusuf C. Fuels from microalgae. Biofuels 2010:1;233-235 https://doi.org/10.4155/bfs.10.9
  30. Corma A, Grande MS, Gonzalez-Alfaro V, Orchilles AV. Cracking activity and hydrothermal stability of MCM-41 and its comparison with amorphous silica-alumina and a USY zeolite. J. Catal. 1996;159:375-382. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcat.1996.0100
  31. Tang Z, Rui L, Zhang Y, Guo QX. Advances in production of bio-fuels from microalgae. Mod. Chem. Ind. 2009;29:12-19.
  32. Li XH, Chen L, Fan YS, Jiao LH, Liu S, Cai YX. Study on preparation of refined oil by upgrading of pyrolytic vapors using Zn-P/HZSM-5 zeolite. J. Fuel Chem. Technol. 2015;43: 567-574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5813(15)30015-3
  33. Fanchiang WL, Lin YC. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of furfural over H-ZSM-5 and Zn/H-ZSM-5 catalysts. Appl. Catal. A-Gen. 2012;419-420:102-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2012.01.017
  34. Guichard B, Roy-Auberger M, Devers E, Rebours B, Quoineaud AA, Digne M. Characterization of aged hydrotreating catalysts. Part I: Coke deposition, study on the chemical nature and environment. Appl. Catal. A-Gen. 2009;367:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2009.07.024
  35. Guo CL, Fang XC, Jia LM, Liu QJ. Study on the deactivation of Pt/HZSM-5 zeolitic reforming catalyst by coke deposition. Petrol. Process. Petrochem. 2012;43:25-29.
  36. Yin HY, Li XH, Zhang RX, Fan YS, YU N, Cai YX. Online catalytic cracking of bio-oil over HSZM-5 zeolite and analysis of catalyst deactivation. J. Fuel Chem. Technol. 2014;42:1077-1086.