DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Formant frequency changes of female voice /a/, /i/, /u/ in real ear

실이에서 여자 음성 /ㅏ/, /ㅣ/, /ㅜ/의 포먼트 주파수 변화

  • 허승덕 (대구대학교) ;
  • 강희라 (대구대학교 대학원 재활과학과 언어치료전공)
  • Received : 2017.01.05
  • Accepted : 2017.03.09
  • Published : 2017.03.31

Abstract

Formant frequencies depend on the position of tongue, the shape of lips, and larynx. In the auditory system, the external ear canal is an open-end resonator, which can modify the voice characteristics. This study investigates the effect of the real ear on formant frequencies. Fifteen subjects ranging from 22 to 30 years of age participated in the study. This study employed three corner vowels: the low central vowel /a/, the high front vowel /i/, and the high back vowel /u/. For this study, the voice of a well-educated undergraduate who majored in speech-language pathology, was recorded with a high performance condenser microphone placed in the upper pinna and in the ear canal. Paired t-test showed that there were significant difference in the formant frequencies of F1, F2, F3, and F4 between the free field and the real ear. For /a/, all formant frequencies decreased significantly in the real ear. For /i/, F2 increased and F3 and F4 decreased. For /u/, F1 and F2 increased, but F3 and F4 decreased. It seems that these voice modifications in the real ear contribute to interpreting voice quality and understanding speech, timbre, and individual characteristics, which are influenced by the shape of the outer ear and external ear canal in such a way that formant frequencies become centralized in the vowel space.

Keywords

References

  1. Kent, R., & Read, C. (2003). The acoustic analysis of speech. New York: Thompson Learning.
  2. Oh, S. (2013). Psychoacoustics. Seoul: Sigma Press. (오세진 (2013). 심리음향학. 서울: 시그마프레스)
  3. Isei‐Jaakkola, T., Naka, T., & Hirose, K. (2010). Comparison of the formant frequencies F3 and F4 on a three‐dimensional vowel chart. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(3), 2019
  4. Ladefoged, P. (1993). A course in phonetics (3rd edition). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
  5. Kim, Y., Kim, K., Kim, J., & Jang, J. (2013). A Study on the Formant Comparison of Korean Monophthongs according to Age and Gender -A Survey on Patients in Oriental Hospitals. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 5(1), 73-80. (김영수.김근호.김종열.장준수 (2013). 연령 및 성별에 따른 한국인 단모음 포먼트 비교에 관한 연구-한방병원 내원환자를 중심으로. 말소리와 음성과학, 5(1), 73-80.) https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2013.5.1.073
  6. Oh, E. (2012). Effects of Speaker Gender on Vowel Space Size and Vowel Changes in Korean. The Journal of Studies in Language, 28(3), 531-553. (오은진 (2012). 모음 공간의 크기 및 모음 변화에 대한 화자성별의 효과-한국어의 경우. 언어연구, 28(3), 531-553.) https://doi.org/10.18627/jslg.28.3.201211.531
  7. Lee, J., Jang, H., & Chung, H. (2005). A Study on Frequency Characteristics of Korean Phonemes. Audiology, 1(1), 59-66. (이주현.장현숙.정한진 (2005). 한국어 음소의 주파수 특성에 관한 연구. 청능재활, 1(1), 59-66.)
  8. Choi, A., Lee, M., Choi, A., & Heo, S. (2009). Resonance Changes in the External Auditory Canal Associated with the Ear Canal Volume. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 1(3), 151-154. (최아현.이미소.최아름.허승덕 (2009). 외이도 용적에 따른 외이도 공명의 변화. 말소리와 음성과학, 1(3), 155-154.)
  9. Heo, S. (2012). Pure External Auditory Canal Resonance. Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders, 21(3), 465-473. (허승덕 (2012). 순수 외이도 공명. 언어치료연구, 21(3), 465-473.) https://doi.org/10.15724/jslhd.2012.21.3.026
  10. Heo, S., & Yoo, Y. (2004). Audiology. Busan: Dong-A University Press. (허승덕.유영상 (2004). 청각학. 부산: 동아대 학교출판부).
  11. Heo, S., Choi, A., & Kang, M. (2006). Rehabilitative Audiology:Cochlear Implant, Hearing Aids, Binaural Hearing. Seoul: Sigma Press. (허승덕.최아현.강명구 (2006). 재활청각학: 인공와우, 보청기, 양이 청취. 서울: 시그마프레스.)
  12. Heo, S., Yoo, J., Jeong, S., & Lee, M. (2016). Change of Formant Frequencies in Real Ear. Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the Korean Society of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology (pp. 76-77). (허승덕.유재형.정세인.이민희 (2016). 실이에서 음영대 주파수 변화. 2016 한국언어청각임상학회 학술대회 발표논문집, 76-77.)
  13. Heo, S., Kang, H., & Ko, D. (2016). Male Voice Formant Frequency of High Frequency Vowel in Real Ear. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of the Korean Speech-Language & Hearing Association (pp. 192-194). (허승덕.강희라.고도흥 (2016). 실이에서 고빈도 모음의 포먼트 주파수. 한국언어치료학회 국제학술대회 발표논문집, 192-194.)
  14. Yi, S. (2011). An Analysis of Formants Extracted from Emotional Speech and Acoustical Implications for the Emotion Recognition System and Speech Recognition System. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 3(1), 45-50. (이서배 (2011). 독일어 감정음성에서 추출한 포먼트의 분석 및 감정인식 시스템과 음성인식 시스템에 대한 음향적 의미, 말소리와 음성과학, 3(1), 45-50.)
  15. Jang, I., Park, M., Kim, T., & Park, M. (2004). Study of Emotion in Speech. Proceedings of the Conference of the Korean Society Of Precision Engineering (pp. 25-28). (장인창.박미경.김태수.박면웅 (2004). 감정변화에 따른 음성정보 분석에 관한 연구. 한국 정밀공학회 학술발표대회 논문집, 25-28.)
  16. Yang, B. (1998). A Study on Vowel Formant Variation by Vocal Tract Modification. Speech Sciences, 3, 83-92. (양병곤 (1998). 성도 변형에 따른 모음 포먼트 변화 고찰. 음성과학, 3, 83-92.)
  17. Cho. S. (2003). An Acoustic Study of Korean Vowel System. Journal of Korean Language and Culture, 24, 427-441. (조성문 (2003). 현대 국어의 모음 체계에 대한 음향음성학적인 연구. 한국언어문화, 24, 427-441.)

Cited by

  1. Influence of Real Ear Resonance on Male Voice Formant Frequency vol.22, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12963/csd.17384
  2. Formant Transition of Nasal and Liquid in the External Auditory Canal vol.23, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.12963/csd.18493