DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A high-effective method to separate nicotine from the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) mixtures using electrodialysis

  • Ge, Shaolin (CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Laboratory of Functional Membranes, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China) ;
  • Li, Wei (Hefei ChemJoy Polymer Materials, Co., LTD.) ;
  • Zhang, Zhao (China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., LTD.) ;
  • Li, Chuanrun (CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Laboratory of Functional Membranes, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China) ;
  • Wang, Yaoming (CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Laboratory of Functional Membranes, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China)
  • Received : 2016.03.09
  • Accepted : 2016.12.22
  • Published : 2017.05.25

Abstract

The separation of nicotine and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines is a tough problem in tobacco industry. In this study, separation of nicotine from 4-(methylnitrosamino) -1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) mixtures was investigated using electrodialysis by taking the principle of the protonation status difference between these two components. The results indicated that the solution pH has a dominant impact on the separation process. In a pH range of 5-7, nicotine molecules are existed as mono- and di-protonated ions and can be separated from the uncharged NNK molecules. The acidic electrolyte is conducive to the separation process from the point of flux and energy consumption; while the alkaline electrolyte has negative impact on the separation process. A current density of $10mA/cm^2$ is an appropriate value for the separation process. The lowest energy consumption of the separation process is 0.58 kWh/kg nicotine with the process cost to be estimated at only $0.208 /kg nicotine. Naturally, electrodialysis is a high-efficiency, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly process to separate and purify nicotine from tobacco juice.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Natural Science Foundation of China

References

  1. Aghajanyan, A.E., Tsaturyan, A.O., Hambardzumyan, A.A. and Saghyan, A.S. (2013), "Obtaining the zwitterionic form of L-lysine from L-lysine monohydrochloride by electrodialysis", Membr. Water Treat., 4(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2013.4.1.001
  2. Ali, M.B.S. and Hamrouni, B. (2016), "Development of a predictive model of the limiting current density of an electrodialysis process using response surface methodology", Membr. Water Treat., 7(2), 127-141. https://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2016.7.2.127
  3. Ayers, J.W., Ribisl, K.M. and Brownstein, J.S. (2011), "Tracking the rise in popularity of electronic nicotine delivery systems (electronic cigarettes) using search query surveillance", Am. J. Prev. Med., 40(4), 448-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.12.007
  4. Bedard, L.L., Smith, G.B.J., Reid, K.R., Petsikas, D. and Massey, T.E. (2002), "Investigation of the role of lipoxygenase in bioactivation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in human lung", Chem. Res. Toxicol., 15(10), 1267-1273. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx025524m
  5. Clayton, P., Vas, C. and McAdam, K. (2014), "Use of chiroptical spectroscopy to determine the ionisation status of (S)-nicotine in electronic cigarette formulations", ST 49, Coresta Congress, Quebec City, Canada.
  6. Ding, S.C., Du, W.J., Ren, X., Qian, X.C. and Liu J.F., "Quantitative determination of tobacco specific TSNAs in leaf and cigarette smoke using LC-MS/MS", Acta Tabacaria Sinica., 11, 17-22.
  7. Dixon, M., Lambing, K. and Seeman, J. (2000), "On the transfer of nicotine from tobacco to the smoker. A brief review of ammonia and "pH" factors", Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int., 19(2), 103-113.
  8. Fischer, M. and Jefferies, T.M. (1996), "Optimization of nicotine extraction from tobacco using Supercritical fluid technology with dynamic extraction modeling", J. Agric. Food Chem., 44(5), 1258-1264. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf950502+
  9. Grana, R.A. and Ling, P.M. (2014), "Smoking revolution: A content analysis of electronic cigarette retail websites", Am. J. Prev. Med., 46(4), 395-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.12.010
  10. Hecht, S.S. (2003), "Tobacco carcinogens, their biomarkers and tobacco-induced cancer", Nat. Rev. Cancerete, 3, 733-744. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1190
  11. Hoffmann, D., Rivenson, A. and Hecht, S.S. (1996), "The biological significance of tobacco- specific N-nitrosamines: smoking and adenocarcinoma of the lung", Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 26(2), 199-211. https://doi.org/10.3109/10408449609017931
  12. Houston, F.G. (1952), "Separation and determination of nicotine and nornicotine in tobacco", Anal. Chem. 24(11), 1831-1832. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60071a035
  13. Leslie, D., Millen, C. and Raymond, M.W. (1993), "Countercurrent extraction of nicotine from tobacco juice", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 32(12), 3056-3060. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00024a014
  14. Liu, H.M., Li, R., Li, M. and et al. (2002), "Tobacco and tobacco products-Determination of total alkaloids continuous flow method", China YC/T 160-2002, 402-407.
  15. Magee, P.N. (1996), "Nitrosamines and human cancer: introduction and overview", J. Cancer Prev., 5, 7-10. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-199609001-00002
  16. Majewska-Nowak, K.M. (2013), "Treatment of organic dye solutions by electrodialysis", Membr. Water Treat., 4(3), 203-214. https://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2013.04.3.203
  17. Morie, P. (1972), "Fraction of protonated and unprotonated nicotine in tobacco smoke at various pH values", Tob. Sci., 16, 167.
  18. Ng, L.K. and Hupe, M. (2003), "Effects of moisture content in cigar tobacco on nicotine extraction: similarity between soxhlet and focused open vessel microwave assisted techniques", J. Chromatog. A, 1001(1-2), 213-219.
  19. Strathmann, H. and Koops, G.H. (2000), "Process economics of electrodialytic water dissociation for the production of acid and base", Ed. A.J.B. Kemperman, Handbook on bipolar membrane technology, Enschede: Twente University Press.
  20. Wang, Y.M., Wang, A.L., Zhang, X. and Xu, T.W. (2011), "Simulation of electrodialysis with bipolar membranes: estimation of process performance and energy consumption", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 50(24), 13911-13921. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie200467s
  21. World Health Organization (2002), "Reducing risks, promoting healthy life", The World Health Report; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland.
  22. Yang, Y., Zhang, Z., Mukherjee, A.B. and Linnoila, R.I. (2004), "Increased susceptibility of mice lacking clara cell 10-kDa protein to lung tumorigenesis by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1- butanone, a potent carcinogen in cigarette smoke", J. Biol. Chem., 279, 29336-29340. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C400162200
  23. Zhang, Z.H., Ge, S.L., Jiang, C.X., Zhao, Y. and Wang, Y.M. (2014), "Improving the smoking quality of papermaking tobacco sheet extract by using electrodialysis", Membr. Water Treat., 5(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2014.5.1.031
  24. Zheng, H.C. and Takano, Y. (2011), "NNK-induced lung tumors: a review of animal model", J. Oncol. 2011, 1-8.