The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy

The Korean Society of Physical Therapy (대한물리치료학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Influence of Restricted Arm Swing on Symmetry, Movement of Trunk and Pelvis Rotation according to Using a Mobile Phone

  • Chu, Jae-Hyeung (Seoul Barunsesang Hospital) ;
  • Kim, Yun-Jin (Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Science, Catholic University of Daegu) ;
  • Ko, Yu-Min (Department of Physical Therapy, Gangneung Yeongdong College) ;
  • Park, Ji Won (Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Science, Catholic University of Daegu)
  • Received : 2017.01.19
  • Accepted : 2017.03.02
  • Published : 2017.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of variations in arm swing during gait on movement of the trunk and pelvis. During the gait task, the angle of the trunk and pelvic rotation were analyzed according to arm swing conditions. Methods: Seventeen healthy males participated in this study. All subjects were analyzed for gait on a treadmill three times each under three different types of arm swing conditions - natural arm swing, restricted arm swing using a phone, restricted swing in both arms. 3-D motion analysis systems were used to collect and analyze the kinematic data of trunk and pelvic movements, and repeated one-way ANOVA was used to compare the trunk and pelvic kinematic data and symmetry index. The level of significance was ${\alpha}=0.05$. Results: The results showed kinematic differences in trunk and pelvic during gait based on the arm swing conditions. Specifically, there were significant differences in trunk rotation, left and right trunk rotation and symmetry index of trunk rotation during gait among the three arm swing conditions. ROM was used to calculate a symmetry index (SI) based on the average left and right trunk rotation in which a value closer to zero indicated better balance. The SI obtained for arm swing restricted with the phone was closer to -1 than the other conditions. Conclusion: Restricted arm swing due to use of a phone had the possibility to induce instability of postural control while walking, which could be seen to suggest a risk of falling during gait.

Keywords

References

  1. Elftman H. The function of the arms in walking. Human Biology. 1939; 11(4):529-35.
  2. Murray MP, Sepic S, Barnard E. Patterns of sagittal rotation of the upper limbs in walking. Phys Ther. 1967;47(4):272-84. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/47.4.272
  3. Donker S, Beek P, Wagenaar R et al. Coordination between arm and leg movements during locomotion. J Mot Behav. 2001;33:86-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222890109601905
  4. Pijnappels M, Kingma I, Wezenberg D et al. Armed against falls: the contribution of arm movements to balance recovery after tripping. Exp Brain Res. 2010;201:689-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-009-2088-7
  5. Roos PE, McGuigan MP, Kerwin DG et al. The role of arm movement in early trip recovery in younger and older adults. Gait Posture. 2008; 27(2):352-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2007.05.001
  6. Herr H, Popovic M. Angular momentum in human walking. J Exp Biol. 2008;211(4):467-81. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.008573
  7. Hinrichs RN, Cavanagh PR. 8:45am: upper extremity function during treadmill walking. MSSE. 1981;13(2):96. .
  8. Hof AL. The equations of motion for a standing human reveal three mechanisms for balance. J Biomech. 2007;40(2):451-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.12.016
  9. Drews FA, Yazdani H, Godfrey CN et al. Text messaging during simulated driving. Hum Factors. 2009;51(5):762-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720809353319
  10. Schabrun SM, van den Hoorn W, Moorcroft A et al. Texting and walking: strategies for postural control and implications for safety. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e84312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084312
  11. Ortega JD, Fehlman LA, Farley CT. Effects of aging and arm swing on the metabolic cost of stability in human walking. J Biomech. 2008;41: 3303-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.06.039
  12. Nasar JL, Troyer D. Pedestrian injuries due to mobile phone use in public places. Accid Anal Prev. 2013;57:91-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.03.021
  13. Collins SH, Adamczyk PG, Kuo AD. Dynamic arm swinging in human walking. Proc R Soc B: Biol Sci. 2009;276:3679-88. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0664
  14. Pontzer H, Holloway JH, Raichlen DA et al. Control and function of arm swing in human walking and running. J Exp Biol. 2009;212:523-34. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.024927
  15. Cappozzo A. The forces and couples in the human trunk during level walking. J Biomech. 1983;16(4):265-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(83)90134-3
  16. Lulic TJ, Susic A, Kodvanj J. Effects of arm swing on mechanical parameters of human gait. Coll Antropol. 2008;32:869-73.
  17. Hu F, Gu DY, Chen JL et al. Contribution of arm swing to dynamic stability based on the nonlinear time series analysis method. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2012;2012:4831-4.
  18. Lamoth CJ, Beek PJ, Meijer OG. Pelvis-thorax coordination in the transverse plane during gait. Gait Posture. 2002;16(2):101-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00146-1
  19. Menz HB, Lord SR, Fitzpatrick RC. Acceleration patterns of the head and pelvis when walking are associated with risk of falling in community-dwelling older people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003;58(5): M446-52. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/58.5.M446
  20. Nakakubo S, Doi T, Sawa R. Does arm swing emphasized deliberately increase the trunk stability during walking in the elderly adults? Gait Posture. 2014;40(4):516-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.06.005
  21. Jackson KM, Joseph J, Wyard SJ. The upper limbs during human walking. Part 2: function. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1983;23:435-46.
  22. Eke-Okoro ST, Gregoric M, Larsson LE. Alterations in gait resulting from deliberate changes of arm-swing amplitude and phase. Clin Biomech (Bristol Avon). 1997;12:516-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-0033(97)00050-8
  23. Kuhtz-Buschbeck J, Brockmann K, Gilster R et al. Asymmetry of arm-swing not related to handedness. Gait Posture. 2008;27(3):447-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2007.05.011
  24. Lamberg EM, Muratori LM. Cell phones change the way we walk. Gait Posture. 2012;35:688-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.12.005
  25. Plummer P, Apple S, Dowd C et al. Texting and walking: effect of environmentral setting and task prioritization on dual-task interference in healthy young adults. Gait Posture. 2015;41:46-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.08.007
  26. Harris GF, Wertsch JJ. Procedures for gait analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(2):216-25.
  27. Kao P, Higginson CI, Seymour K et al. Walking stability during cell phone use in healthy adults. Gait Posture. 2015;41(4):947-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.03.347
  28. Umberger BR. Effects of suppressing arm swing on kinematics, kinetics, and energetics of human walking. J Biomech. 2008;41(11):2575-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.05.024
  29. Song GH, Lee HO. Effect of an arm sling on gait with hemiparesis. J Kor Soc Phys Ther 2006;18(4):27-40.
  30. van Emmerik RE, Wagenaar RC. Effects of walking velocity on the relative phase dynamics in the trunk in human walking. J Biomech. 1996; 29(9):1175-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(95)00128-X
  31. van Emmerik RE, Wagenaar RC. Dynamics of movement coordination and tremor during gait in Parkinsons's disease. Human Movement Science. 1996;15:203-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-9457(95)00044-5
  32. LaFiandra M, Wagenaar R, Holt K et al. How do load carriage and walking speed influence trunk coordination and stride parameters? J Biomech. 2003;36:87-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(02)00243-9
  33. Gundersen LA, Valle DR, Barr AE et al. Bilateral analysis of the knee and ankle during gait: an examination of the relationship between lateral dominance and symmetry. Phys Ther. 1989;69(8):640-50. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/69.8.640
  34. Herzog W, Nigg BM, Read LJ, et al. Asymmetries in ground reaction force patterns in normal human gait. Med Sci Sports Exer. 1989(21):110-4.
  35. Ounpuu S, Winter DA. Bilateral electromyographical analysis of the lower limbs during walking in normal adults. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1989;72(5):429-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(89)90048-5
  36. Sadeghi H, Allard P, Duhaime M. Functional gait asymmetry in able-bodied subjects. Human Movement Science. 1997;16(2):243-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9457(96)00054-1
  37. Schoner G1, Jiang WY, Kelso JA. A synergetic theory of quadrupedal gaits and gait transitions. J Theor Biol. 1990 Feb 9;142(3):359-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(05)80558-2

Cited by

  1. Pelvic, Hip, and Knee Kinematics of Stair Climbing in People with Genu Varum vol.30, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.18857/jkpt.2018.30.1.14