References
- Summary of the 2013 HIV Sentinel survey report [Internet]. Accra, Ghana: Ghana AIDS Commission [cited 2016 Mar 12]. Available from: http://www.ghanaids.gov.gh/gac1/aids_info.php.
- Parathyras J, Gebhardt S, Hillermann-Rebello R, Grobbelaar N, Venter M, Warnich L. A pharmacogenetic study of CD4 recovery in response to HIV antiretroviral therapy in two South African population groups. J Hum Genet 2009;54:261-5. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2009.20
- Begg MD, Lamster IB, Panageas KS, Mitchell-Lewis D, Phelan JA, Grbic JT. A prospective study of oral lesions and their predictive value for progression of HIV disease. Oral Dis 1997;3:176-83.
- Cheng R, Patel S, Mandel L. Oral manifestations in untreated HIV patient. N Y State Dent J 2011;77:58-60.
- Saini R. Oral lesions: a true clinical indicator in human immunodeficiency virus. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2011;2:145-50. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.92316
- Mellors JW, Munoz A, Giorgi JV, Margolick JB, Tassoni CJ, Gupta P, et al. Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:946-54. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-126-12-199706150-00003
- Mellors JW, Rinaldo CR Jr, Gupta P, White RM, Todd JA, Kingsley LA. Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science 1996;272:1167-70. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5265.1167
- Vlahov D, Graham N, Hoover D, Flynn C, Bartlett JG, Margolick JB, et al. Prognostic indicators for AIDS and infectious disease death in HIV-infected injection drug users: plasma viral load and CD4+ cell count. JAMA 1998;279:35-40. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.1.35
- Chan RK. Early clinical manifestations of HIV infection. Singapore Med J 1990;31:477-9.
- Beverly P, Helbert M. Immunology of aids; ABC of AIDS. 4th ed. New York: BMJ Publication Group; 1997:11-2.
- Berkley S, Naamara W, Okware S, Downing R, Konde-Lule J, Wawer M, et al. AIDS and HIV infection in Uganda--are more women infected than men? AIDS 1990;4:1237-42. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199012000-00009
- Guteta S, Feleke Y, Fekade D, Neway M, Diro E. Prevalence of oral and perioral manifestations in HIV positive adults at Tikur Anbessa Teaching Hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J 2008;46:349-57.
- Gasparin AB, Ferreira FV, Danesi CC, Mendoza-Sassi RA, Silveira J, Martinez AM, et al. Prevalence of oral lesions in persons with HIV and associated factors in a southern Brazilian city. Cad Saude Publica 2009;25:1307-15. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2009000600013
- 2014 progress report on the global plan [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS; 2014 Nov 11 [cited 2017 Feb 9]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2014/JC2681_2014-Global-Plan-progress.
- Butt FM, Chindia ML, Vaghela VP, Mandalia K. Oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS in a Kenyan provincial hospital. East Afr Med J 2001;78:398-401.
- Greenwood I, Zakrzewska JM, Robinson PG. Changes in the prevalence of HIV-associated mucosal disease at a dedicated clinic over 7 years. Oral Dis 2002;8:90-4. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.1o787.x
- EC Clearinghouse on Oral Problems Related to HIV Infection and WHO Collaborating Centre on Oral Manifestations of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Classification and diagnostic criteria for oral lesions in HIV infection. J Oral Pathol Med 1991;20:97-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1991.tb00900.x
- Classification and diagnostic criteria for oral lesions in HIV infection. EC-Clearinghouse on Oral Problems Related to HIV Infection and WHO Collaborating Centre on Oral Manifestations of the Immunodeficiency Virus. J Oral Pathol Med 1993;22:289-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1993.tb01074.x
- Ending the AIDS epidemic [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS; 2014 Dec 1 [cited 2017 Feb 9]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2014/20141201_Paris_declaration.
- Ranganathan K, Reddy BV, Kumarasamy N, Solomon S, Viswanathan R, Johnson NW. Oral lesions and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in 300 south Indian patients. Oral Dis 2000;6:152-7.
- Ranganathan K, Umadevi M, Saraswathi TR, Kumarasamy N, Solomon S, Johnson N. Oral lesions and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in 1000 South Indian patients. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2004;33(4 Suppl):37-42.
- Bravo IM, Correnti M, Escalona L, Perrone M, Brito A, Tovar V, et al. Prevalence of oral lesions in HIV patients related to CD4 cell count and viral load in a Venezuelan population. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2006;11:E33-9.
- Adurogbangba MI, Aderinokun GA, Odaibo GN, Olaleye OD, Lawoyin TO. Oro-facial lesions and CD4 counts associated with HIV/AIDS in an adult population in Oyo State, Nigeria. Oral Dis 2004;10:319-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2004.01036.x
- Jonsson N, Zimmerman M, Chidzonga MM, Jonsson K. Oral manifestations in 100 Zimbabwean HIV/AIDS patients referred to a specialist centre. Cent Afr J Med 1998;44:31-4.
- Adedigba MA, Ogunbodede EO, Jeboda SO, Naidoo S. Patterns of oral manifestation of HIV/AIDS among 225 Nigerian patients. Oral Dis 2008;14:341-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01384.x
- Arendorf T, Holmes H. Oral manifestations associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in developing countries--are there differences from developed countries? Oral Dis 2000;6:133-5.
- Naidoo S, Chikte U. Oro-facial manifestations in paediatric HIV: a comparative study of institutionalized and hospital outpatients. Oral Dis 2004;10:13-8. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-523X.2003.00973.x
- Bodhade AS, Ganvir SM, Hazarey VK. Oral manifestations of HIV infection and their correlation with CD4 count. J Oral Sci 2011;53:203-11. https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.53.203
- Greenspan JS. Sentinels and signposts: the epidemiology and significance of the oral manifestations of HIV disease. Oral Dis 1997;3 Suppl 1:S13-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.1997.tb00344.x
- Sabin CA, Phillips AN. Should HIV therapy be started at a CD4 cell count above 350 cells/microl in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected patients? Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009;22:191-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e328326cd34
- Gaurav S, Keerthilatha PM, Archna N. Prevalence of Oral Manifestations and Their Association with CD4/CD8 Ratio and HIV Viral Load in South India. Int J Dent 2011;2011:964278.
- Park YJ, Nam JH, Noh KL, Pang EO, Kim DY, Kim JH, et al. AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma on left lower retromolar triangle and parapharyngeal area: a case report. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;35:182-6.
Cited by
- Immunohistochemical Expression Patterns of Inflammatory Cells Involved in Chronic Hyperplastic Candidosis vol.8, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040232
- Alterations in the oral microbiome in HIV infection: causes, effects and potential interventions vol.134, pp.23, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1097/cm9.0000000000001825
- Management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis in HIV vol.37, pp.83, 2017, https://doi.org/10.5937/asn2183203o
- Effect of HIV/HAART and Other Clinical Variables on the Oral Mycobiome Using Multivariate Analyses vol.12, pp.2, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00294-21