셀메드 (CELLMED)

  • 제7권1호
  • /
  • Pages.1.1-1.10
  • /
  • 2017
  • /
  • 3022-6805(pISSN)
  • /
  • 3022-6791(eISSN)
셀메드 세포교정의약학회 (Cellmed Orthocellular Medicine and Pharmaceutical Association)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Role of heavy metals in human health and particularly in respect to diabetic patients

  • 투고 : 2014.11.26
  • 심사 : 2017.02.07
  • 발행 : 2017.02.28
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Minerals are individual of the components of foods and are not produced in the body but essential for best possible health. Several essential metals are vital for the appropriate performance of various enzymes, transcriptional factors and proteins that are essential in various biochemical paths. Metals like zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn) are cofactors of hundreds of enzymes. Zn is involved in the synthesis and secretion of insulin from the pancreatic ${\beta}-cells$. Chromium (Cr) increases the insulin receptors activity on target tissues, mainly in muscle cells. Insulin hormone is required to maintain the blood glucose amount in normal range. Continual increase of blood serum glucose level leads to marked chronic hyperglycemia or diabetes mellitus. Deficiency of insulin or its resistance, blood glucose level exceeds the upper limit of the common range of 126 mg/dl. Poor glucose control and diabetes changes the levels of essential trace elements such as Zn, Mg, Mn, Cr, iron etc. by rising urinary excretion and their related decrease in the blood. The aim of this article to discusses the important roles of essential trace elements in particular perspective of type 2 diabetes.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Acton RT, Barton JC, Passmore LV, Adams PC, Speechley MR, Dawkins FW, Sholinsky P, Reboussin DM, McLaren GD, Harris EL. Relationships of serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, and HFE mutations and self-reported diabetes in the hemochromatosis and iron overload screening (HEIRS) study. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2084-2089. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc05-1592
  2. Adams PC, Reboussin DM, Barton JC, McLaren CE, Eckfeldt JH, McLaren GD, Dawkins FW, Acton RT, Harris EL, Gordeuk VR. Hemochromatosis and iron-overload screening in a racially diverse population. New Engl J Med. 2005;352:1769-1778. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa041534
  3. Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Kazi N, Jamali MK, Arain MB, Jalbani N, Baig JA, Sarfraz RA. Evaluation of status of toxic metals in biological samples of diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;80:280-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2007.12.021
  4. Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Kazi N, Jamali MK, Arain MB, Jalbani N, Sarfaraz RA, Shah A, Kandhro GA, Shah AQ, Baig JA. Potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium levels in biological samples of hypertensive and nonhypertensive diabetes mellitus patients. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008;124:206-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-008-8142-7
  5. Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Kazi NG, Jamali MK, Arain MB, Sirajuddin, Baig JA, Kandhro GA, Wadhwa SK, Shah AQ. Evaluation of cadmium, lead, nickel and zinc status in biological samples of smokers and nonsmokers hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens. 2010;24:34-43. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2009.39
  6. Barany E, Bergdahl IA, Bratteby LE, Lundh T, Samuelson G, Skerfving S, Oskarsson A. Iron status influences trace element levels in human blood and serum. Environ Res. 2005;98:215-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2004.09.010
  7. Belinda S, O'Connell B. Select vitamins and minerals in the management of diabetes. Diabetes Spectr. 2001;14:133-148. https://doi.org/10.2337/diaspect.14.3.133
  8. Bender DA. Micronutrients- the vitamins and minerals. In Introduction to nutrition and metabolism. 4th eds. (New York, USA: CRC Press), pp. 382-388, 2008.
  9. Berdanier CD. Trace Minerals. In Advanced nutrition micronutrients. Wolinsky I and Hickson JF eds. (New York, USA: CRC Press), pp. 224-225, 1998.
  10. Beyersmann D, Hartwig A. Carcinogenic metal compounds: recent insight into molecular and cellular mechanisms. Arch Toxicol. 2008;82:493-512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-008-0313-y
  11. Blake S. Trace Minerals. In Vitamins and minerals demystified. (New York, USA: MacGrawHill), 272-273, 2007.
  12. Brender JR, Hartman K, Nanga RP, Popovych N, de la Salud BR, Vivekanandan S, Marsh EN, Ramamoorthy A: Role of zinc in human islet amyloid polypeptide aggregation. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132:8973-8983. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1007867
  13. Chen YW, Yang CY, Huang CF, Hung DZ, Leung YM, Liu SH. Heavy metals, islet function and diabetes development. Islets. 2009;1:169-176. https://doi.org/10.4161/isl.1.3.9262
  14. Chen YW. Heavy metals, islet function and diabetes development. Islets. 2009;1:169-176. https://doi.org/10.4161/isl.1.3.9262
  15. Chiu A, Katz AJ, Beaubier J, Chiu N, Shi X. Genetic and cellular mechanisms in chromium and nickel carcinogenesis considering epidemiologic findings. Mol Cell Biochem. 2004;255:181-194. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MCBI.0000007274.25052.82
  16. Chlopicka J., Zadrodzki P., Zachwieja Z., Krooeniak M., Flota M. Use of pattern recognition methods in the interpretation of heavy metal (lead and cadmium) in children's scalp hair. Analyst. 1995;120:943-946. https://doi.org/10.1039/AN9952000943
  17. Chwiej J, Winiarski W, Ciarach M, Janeczko K, Lankosz M, Rickers K, Setkowicz Z. The role of trace elements in the pathogenesis and progress of pilocarpine-induced epileptic seizures. J Biol Inorg Chem. 2008;13:1267-1274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-008-0411-6
  18. Das KK, Das SN, Dhundasi SA. Nickel, its adverse health effects & oxidative stress. Indian J Med Res. 2008;128:412-425.
  19. Droge W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev. 2002;82:47-95. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00018.2001
  20. Duruibe J. Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. Int J Phys Sci. 2007;2:112-118.
  21. Dutta TK, Mukta V. Trace elements. Medicine Update. 2012;22:353-357.
  22. Eaton JW, Qian M. Interactions of copper with glycated proteins: possible involvement in the etiology of diabetic neuropathy. Mol Cell Biochem. 2002;234-235:135-142. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015988817587
  23. Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ. Digestion and Absorption of nutrients and vitamins. In: Feldman: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 9th eds. (NewYork, USA: Saunders), pp. 423-427, 2010.
  24. Fernandez-Real JM, Penarroja G, Castro A, Garcia-Bragado F, Hernandez-Aguado I, Ricart W. Blood letting in high-ferritin type 2 diabetes effects on insulin sensitivity and ${\beta}$-cell function. Diabetes 2002;51:1000-1004. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.4.1000
  25. Flora SJ. Structural, chemical and biological aspects of antioxidants for strategies against metal and metalloid exposure. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2009;2:191-206. https://doi.org/10.4161/oxim.2.4.9112
  26. Forouhi N, Harding A, Allison M, Sandhu M, Welch A, Luben R, Bingham S, Khaw K, Wareham N. Elevated serum ferritin levels predict new-onset type 2 diabetes: results from the EPIC-Norfolk prospective study. Diabetologia. 2007;50:949-956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-007-0604-5
  27. Forte G, Bocca B, Peruzzu A, Tolu F, Asara Y, Farace C, Oggiano R, Madeddu R. Blood metals concentration in type 1 and type 2 diabetics. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2013;156:79-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9858-6
  28. Fraga CG. Relevance, essentiality and toxicity of trace elements in human health. Mol Aspects Med 2005;26:235-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2005.07.013
  29. Galhardi CM, Diniz YS, Faine LA, Rodrigues HG, Burneiko RC, Ribas BO, Novelli EL. Toxicity of copper intake: lipid profile, oxidative stress and susceptibility to renal dysfunction. Food Chem Toxicol. 2004;42:2053-2060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2004.07.020
  30. Ganz T, Nemeth E. Iron imports. IV. Hepcidin and regulation of body iron metabolism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006;290:G199-G203. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00412.2005
  31. Grivetti L. Value of traditional foods in meeting of macro- and micronutrients needs: the wild plants connection. Nutr Res Rev. 2000;13:31-46. https://doi.org/10.1079/095442200108728990
  32. Guidotti T, McNamara J, Moses M. The interpretation of trace element analysis in body fluids. Indian J Med Res. 2010;128:524.
  33. Guidotti TL, McNamara J, Moses MS. The interpretation of trace element analysis in body fluids. Indian J Med Res. 2008;128:524-532.
  34. Horng CJ, Tsai JL, Horng PH, Lin SC, Lin SR, Tzeng CC. Determination of urinary lead, cadmium and nickel in steel production workers. Talanta. 2002;56:1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(01)00645-2
  35. Jackson RF, Roche GC, Wisler K: Reduction in Cholesterol and Triglyceride Serum Levels Following Low-Level Laser Irradiation: A Noncontrolled, Nonrandomized Pilot Study. The American J Cosmetic Surgery. 2010;27:177-184.
  36. Jansen J, Karges W, Rink L. Zinc and diabetes-clinical links and molecular mechanisms. J Nutr Biochem. 2009;20:399-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.01.009
  37. Jehn M, Clark JM, Guallar E. Serum ferritin and risk of the metabolic syndrome in US adults. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2422-2428. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.10.2422
  38. Jiang R, Manson JE, Meigs JB, Ma J, Rifai N, Hu FB. Body iron stores in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in apparently healthy women. JAMA. 2004;291:711-717. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.6.711
  39. John E, Laskow TC, Buchser WJ, Pitt BR, Basse PH, Butterfield LH, Kalinski P, Lotze MT. Zinc in innate and adaptive tumor immunity. J Transl Med. 2010;8:118. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-8-118
  40. Kako K, Takehara A, Arai H, Onodera T, Takahashi Y, Hanagata H, Ogra Y, Takagi H, Kodama H, Suzuki KT, Munekata E, Fukamizu A. A selective requirement for copperdependent activation of cytochrome c oxidase by Cox17p. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;324:1379-1385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.211
  41. Kamal M, Salem M, Kholousi N, Ashmawy Kh. Evaluation of trace elements and Malondialdehyde levels in type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome. 2009;3:214-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2009.07.007
  42. Kaplan BJ, Parish WW, Andrus GM, Simpson JS, Field CJ. Germane facts about germanium sesquioxide: I. Chemistry and anticancer properties. J Altern Complement Med. 2004;10:337-344. https://doi.org/10.1089/107555304323062329
  43. Karamouzis MV, Gorgoulis VG, Papavassiliou AG. Transcription factors and neoplasia: vistas in novel drug design. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8:949-961.
  44. Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Kazi N, Jamali MK, Arain MB, Jalbani N, Kandhro GA. Copper, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, and zinc levels in biological samples of diabetes mellitus patients. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008;122:1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-007-8062-y
  45. Kazi TG, Jalbani N, Kazi N, Arain MB, Jamali MK, Afridi HI, Kandhro GA, Sarfraz RA, Shah AQ, Ansari R. Estimation of toxic metals in scalp hair samples of chronic kidney patients. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2009;127:16-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-008-8222-8
  46. Khan AR, Awan FR. Metals in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders. 2014;13:161-166.
  47. Kim CH, Kim HK, Bae SJ, Park JY, Lee KU. Association of elevated serum ferritin concentration with insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism in Korean men and women. Metabolism. 2011;60:414-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2010.03.007
  48. Klevay L. Cardiovascular disease from copper deficiency. J Nutr. 2000;130:489S-492S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.2.489S
  49. Kowdley KV. Iron, hemochromatosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:S79-S86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gastro.2004.09.019
  50. Kubrak OI, Husak VV, Rovenko BM, Poigner H, Mazepa MA, Kriews M, Abele D, Lushchak VI. Tissue specificity in nickel uptake and induction of oxidative stress in kidney and spleen of goldfish carassius auratus, exposed to waterborne nickel. Aquat Toxicol. 2012;118-119:88-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.03.016
  51. Kundu D, Roy A, Mandal T, Bandyopadhyay U, Ghosh E, Ray D. Relation of iron stores to oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes. Niger J Clin Pract. 2013;16:100-103. https://doi.org/10.4103/1119-3077.106776
  52. Lai MH, Chen YY, Cheng HH. Chromium yeast supplementation improves fasting plasma glucose and LDLcholesterol in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2006;76:391-397. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.76.6.391
  53. Lee DH, Liu DY, Jacobs DR, Shin HR, Song K, Lee IK, Kim B, Hider RC. Common presence of Non-transferrin-bound iron among patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1090-1095. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc05-2471
  54. Lin CC, Huang JF, Tsai LY, Huang YL. Selenium, iron, copper, and zinc levels and copper-to-zinc ratios in serum of patients at different stages of viral hepatic diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2006;109:15-23. https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:109:1:015
  55. Lopez-Ridaura R, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Hu FB. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:134-140. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.1.134
  56. Lu Y, Yeung N, Sieracki N, Marshall NM. Design of functional metalloproteins. Nature. 2009;460:855-862. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08304
  57. Lutsenko S, Barnes NL, Bartee MY, Dmitriev OY. Function and regulation of human copper-transporting ATPases. Physiol Rev. 2007;87:1011-1046. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00004.2006
  58. Martinez-Finley EJ, Chakraborty S, Fretham SJ, Aschner M. Cellular transport and homeostasis of essential and nonessential metals. Metallomics. 2012;4:593-605. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2mt00185c
  59. Mason JB. Vitamins, trace minerals and other micronutrients. 23rd eds. (Philadelphia, USA: Saunders Elsevier), pp.1-10, 2008.
  60. McCall KA, Huang C, Fierke CA. Function and mechanism of zinc metalloenzymes. J Nutr. 2000; 130:1437S-1446S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.5.1437S
  61. McClain DA, Abraham D, Rogers J, Brady R, Gault P, Ajioka R, Kushner JP. High prevalence of abnormal glucose homeostasis secondary to decreased insulin secretion in individuals with hereditary haemochromatosis. Diabetologia. 2006; 49:1661-1669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-006-0200-0
  62. Mooren FC, Kruger K, Volker K, Golf SW, Wadepuhl M, Kraus A. Oral magnesium supplementation reduces insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects - a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13:281-284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01332.x
  63. Morse CG, High KP. Nutrition, immunity and infection. In: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th eds. (Philadelphia, USA: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier), pp. 153-154, 2009.
  64. Naghii MR, Mofid M, Asgari AR, Hedayati M, Daneshpour MS. Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2011;25:54-58 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.10.001
  65. Natchu UC, Fataki MR, Fawzi WW. Zinc as an adjunct for childhood pneumonia - interpreting early results. Nutr Rev. 2008;66:398-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00049.x
  66. Nielsen FH. Studies on the relationship between boron and magnesium which possibly affects the formation and maintenance of bones. Magnes Trace Elem. 1990;9:61-69.
  67. O'Dell BL, Sunde RA. Handbook of Nutritionally Essential Mineral Elements. (New York, USA: Marcel Decker Inc), pp. 2-6, 1997.
  68. Olivares M, Araya M, Uauy R. Copper homeostasis in infant nutrition: deficit and excess. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;31:102-111. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200008000-00004
  69. Olivares M, Uauy R. Copper as an essential nutrient. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63:791S-796S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/63.5.791
  70. Orbea A, Ortiz-Zarragoitia M, Sole M, Porte C, Cajaraville MP. Antioxidant enzymes and peroxisome proliferation in relation to contaminant body burdens of PAHs and PCBs in bivalve molluscs, crabs and fish from the Urdaibai and Plentzia estuaries (Bay of Biscay). Aquat Toxicol. 2002;58:75-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00226-0
  71. Papanikolaou G, Pantopoulos K. Iron metabolism and toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005; 202:199-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2004.06.021
  72. Qiao W, Peng Z, Wang Z, Wei J, Zhou A. Chromium improves glucose uptake and metabolism through upregulating the mRNA levels of IR, GLUT4, GS, and UCP3 in skeletal muscle cells. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2009;131:133-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-009-8357-2
  73. Quilliot D. Evidence that diabetes mellitus favors impaired metabolism of zinc, copper, and selenium in chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2001;22:299-306. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006676-200104000-00012
  74. Raj S, Rajan G. Correlation between elevated serum ferritin and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J. 2013;1:12.
  75. Rajpathak S, Ma J, Manson J, Willett WC, Hu FB. Iron intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women: a prospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1370-1376. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-0119
  76. Rajpathak S, Wylie-Rosett J, Gunter M, Negassa A, Kabat G, Rohan T, Crandall J. Biomarkers of body iron stores and risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009,11:472-479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00985.x
  77. Rico H, Gomez-Raso N, Revilla M, Hernandez ER, Seco C, Paez E, Crespo E. Effects on bone loss of manganese alone or with copper supplement in ovariectomized rats. A morphometric and densitomeric study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2000;90:97-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-2115(99)00223-7
  78. Rungby J. Zinc, zinc transporters and diabetes. Diabetologia. 2010;53:1549-1551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-010-1793-x
  79. Ryan GJ, Wanko NS, Redman AR, Cook CB. Chromium as adjunctive treatment for type 2 diabetes. Ann Pharmacother. 2003;37:876-885. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1C304
  80. Sakurai H. A new concept: the use of vanadium complexes in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Chem Rec. 2002;2:237-248. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.10029
  81. Schwarzenbach RP, Egli T, Hofstetter TB, Von Gunten U, Wehrli B. Global water pollution and human health. Annu Rev Environ Resour. 2010;35:109-136. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-100809-125342
  82. Serdar MA, Bakir F, Hasimi A, Celik T, Akin O, Kenar L, Aykut O, Yildirimkaya M. Trace and toxic element patterns in nonsmoker patients with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, and fasting glucose. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2009;29:35-40. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-3930.50713
  83. Sharifi F, Nasab NM, Zadeh HJ. Elevated serum ferritin concentrations in prediabetic subjects. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2008;5:15-18. https://doi.org/10.3132/dvdr.2008.003
  84. Simsek A, Aykut O. Evaluation of the microelement profile of Turkish hazelnut (corylus avellana L.) varieties for human nutrition and health. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2007;58:677-688. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637480701403202
  85. Soetan KO, Olaiya CO, Oyewole OE. The importance of mineral elements for humans, domestic animals and plants: a review. Afr J Food Sci. 2010;4:220-222.
  86. Sreenivasa Rao K, Balaji T, Prasada Rao T. Determination of iron, cobalt, nickel, manganese, zinc, copper, cadmium and lead in human hair by inductively coupled plasmaatomic emission spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta. 2002;57:1333-1338. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0584-8547(02)00045-9
  87. Stechmiller JK. Understanding the role of nutrition and wound healing. Nutr Clin Pract. 2010;25:61-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533609358997
  88. Swaminathan R. Magnesium metabolism and its disorders. Clin Biochemist Rev. 2003;24:47-66.
  89. Tadayon F, Abdollahi AS, Nia SR, Ostovar R. Relationship between the level of zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel and chromium in hair of people with diabetes. E3S Web of Conferences. 2013;1:1-3.
  90. Tudan C, Weber FX, Levine KE. The status of trace elements analysis in biological systems. Bioanalysis. 2011;3:1695-1697. https://doi.org/10.4155/bio.11.171
  91. Valko M, Morris H, Cronin MT. Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12:1161-1208. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867053764635
  92. Wapnir RA. Zinc deficiency, malnutrition and the gastrointestinal tract. J Nutr. 2000;130:1388S-1392S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.5.1388S
  93. Wasiak W, Ciszewska W, Ciszewski A. Hair analysis. Part-1: differential pulseanodic stripping voltammetric determination of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper in human hair samples of persons in permanent contact with a polluted work place environment. Anal Chim Acta. 1996;335:201-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(96)00323-6
  94. Wiernsperger N, Rapin J. Trace elements in glucometabolic disorders: an update. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2010;2:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-2-1
  95. Wijesekara N, Dai FF, Hardy AB, Giglou PR, Bhattacharjee A, Koshkin V, Chimienti F, Gaisano HY, Rutter GA, Wheeler MB. Beta cell-specific Znt8 deletion in mice causes marked defects in insulin processing, crystallization and secretion. Diabetologia. 2010;53:1656-1668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-010-1733-9
  96. Wish JB. Assessing iron status: beyond serum ferritin and transferring saturation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:S4-S8. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01490506
  97. Worwood M. Serum transferrin receptor assays and their application. Ann Clin Biochem. 2002; 39:221-230. https://doi.org/10.1258/0004563021902152
  98. Yabe J, Nakayama SMM, Ikenaka Y, Muzandu K, Ishizuka M, Umemura T. Uptake of lead, cadmium, and other metals in the liver and kidneys of cattle near a lead-zinc mine in Kabwe, Zambia. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2011;30:1892-1897. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.580
  99. Yu CC, Lin JL, Lin-Tan DT. Environmental exposure to lead and progression of chronic renal diseases: a four-year prospective longitudinal study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:1016-1022. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000118529.01681.4F
  100. Zheng H, Blat D, Fridkin M. Novel neuroprotective neurotrophic NAP analogs targeting metal toxicity and oxidative stress: potential candidates for the control of neurodegenerative diseases. J Neural Transm Suppl. 2006;71:163-172.

피인용 문헌

  1. In Situ Doping of Metal Nanoparticles into Medical Polymer Membranes and Their Biomedical Application vol.5, pp.18, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202000024