Journal of Sensor Science and Technology (센서학회지)

The Korean Sensors Society (한국센서학회)
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Early Detection of Intravenous Infiltration Using Multi-frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Parameters: Pilot Study

  • Kim, Jae-Hyung (Research Institute of Nursing Science, Pusan National University) ;
  • Shin, Beum-Joo (Applied IT and Engineering, Pusan National University) ;
  • Baik, Seung-Wan (Dept. of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University) ;
  • Jeon, Gye-Rok (Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Pusan National University)
  • Received : 2017.01.19
  • Accepted : 2017.01.31
  • Published : 2017.01.31
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Abstract

In this study, bioelectrical impedance analysis, which has been used to assess an alteration in intracellular fluid (ICF) of the body, was applied to detect intravenous infiltration. The experimental results are described as follows. Firstly, when infiltration occurred, the resistance gradually decreased with time and frequency i.e., the resistance decreased with increasing time, proportional to the amount of infiltrated intravenous (IV) solution. At each frequency, the resistance gradually decreased with time, indicating the IV solution (also blood) accumulated in the extracellular fluid (ECF) (including interstitial fluid). Secondly, the resistance ratio started to increase at infiltration, showing the highest value after 1.4 min of infiltration, and gradually decreased thereafter. Thirdly, the impedance ($Z_C$) of cell membrane decreased significantly (especially at 50 kHz) during infiltration and gradually decreased thereafter. Fourthly, Cole-Cole plot indicated that the positions of (R, $X_C$) shifted toward left owing to infiltration, reflecting the IV solution accumulated in the ECF. The resistance ($R_0$) at zero frequency decreased continuously over time, indicating that it is a vital impedance parameter capable of detecting early infiltration during IV infusion. Finally, the mechanism of the current flowing through the ECF, cell membrane, and ICF in the subcutaneous tissues was analyzed as a function of time before and after infiltration, using an equivalent circuit model of the human cell. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the infiltration could be detected early using these impedance parameters during the infusion of IV solution.

Keywords

References

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