Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons

The Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (대한구강악안면외과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Assessment of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve via cone-beam computed tomography

  • Shaban, Baratollah (Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences) ;
  • Khajavi, Amin (Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences) ;
  • Khaki, Nasim (Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences) ;
  • Mohiti, Yones (Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences) ;
  • Mehri, Tahere (Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences) ;
  • Kermani, Hamed (Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences)
  • Received : 2017.01.21
  • Accepted : 2017.05.07
  • Published : 2017.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate different anatomical variants of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) via cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 71 patients (36 males and 35 females) were evaluated. We used the classification described by Solar for IAN evaluation. In this classification, three different types of IAN loops were introduced prior to emerging from the mental foramen. We classified patients according to this system and introduced a new, fourth type. Results: Type I was seen in 15 sites (10.6%), type II in 39 sites (27.5%), and type III in 50 sites (35.2%). We found a new type in 38 sites (26.8%) that constituted a fourth type. Conclusion: We found that type III was the most common variant. In the fourth type, the IAN was not detectable because the main nerve was adjacent to the cortical plate and the incisive branch was thinner than the main branch and alongside it. In this type, more care is needed for surgeries including inferior alveolar and mental nerve transposition.

Keywords

References

  1. Mraiwa N, Jacobs R, van Steenberghe D, Quirynen M. Clinical assessment and surgical implications of anatomic challenges in the anterior mandible. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2003;5:219-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8208.2003.tb00204.x
  2. Jacobs R, Mraiwa N, vanSteenberghe D, Gijbels F, Quirynen M. Appearance, location, course, and morphology of the mandibular incisive canal: an assessment on spiral CT scan. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2002;31:322-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.dmfr.4600719
  3. Agbaje JO, Sun Y, De Munter S, Schepers S, Vrielinck L, Lambrichts I, et al. CBCT-based predictability of attachment of the neurovascular bundle to the proximal segment of the mandible during sagittal split osteotomy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013;42:308-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2012.07.012
  4. Alqerban A, Jacobs R, Souza PC, Willems G. In-vitro comparison of 2 cone-beam computed tomography systems and panoramic imaging for detecting simulated canine impaction-induced external root resorption in maxillary lateral incisors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;136:764.e1- 11; discussion 764-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.08.002
  5. White SC. Cone-beam imaging in dentistry. Health Phys 2008;95:628-37. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HP.0000326340.81581.1a
  6. Chavez-Lomeli ME, Mansilla Lory J, Pompa JA, Kjaer I. The human mandibular canal arises from three separate canals innervating different tooth groups. J Dent Res 1996;75:1540-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345960750080401
  7. de Villiers H. The skull of the South African Negro: a biometrical and morphological study. Johannesburg: Wits University Press; 1970.
  8. Ngeow WC, Dionysius DD, Ishak H, Nambiar P. A radiographic study on the visualization of the anterior loop in dentate subjects of different age groups. J Oral Sci 2009;51:231-7. https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.51.231
  9. Arzouman MJ, Otis L, Kipnis V, Levine D. Observations of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar canal. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1993;8:295-300.
  10. Solar P, Ulm C, Frey G, Matejka M. A classification of the intraosseous paths of the mental nerve. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1994;9:339-44.
  11. Kajan ZD, Salari A. Presence and course of the mandibular incisive canal and presence of the anterior loop in cone beam computed tomography images of an Iranian population. Oral Radiol 2012;28:55-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11282-012-0084-2
  12. Vazquez L, Saulacic N, Belser U, Bernard JP. Efficacy of panoramic radiographs in the preoperative planning of posterior mandibular implants: a prospective clinical study of 1527 consecutively treated patients. Clin Oral Implants Res 2008;19:81-5.
  13. Wismeijer D, van Waas MA, Vermeeren JI, Kalk W. Patients' perception of sensory disturbances of the mental nerve before and after implant surgery: a prospective study of 110 patients. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997;35:254-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-4356(97)90043-7
  14. Kalender A, Orhan K, Aksoy U. Evaluation of the mental foramen and accessory mental foramen in Turkish patients using cone-beam computed tomography images reconstructed from a volumetric rendering program. Clin Anat 2012;25:584-92. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.21277
  15. Kuzmanovic DV, Payne AG, Kieser JA, Dias GJ. Anterior loop of the mental nerve: a morphological and radiographic study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2003;14:464-71. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0501.2003.00869.x
  16. Chen JC, Lin LM, Geist JR, Chen JY, Chen CH, Chen YK. A retrospective comparison of the location and diameter of the inferior alveolar canal at the mental foramen and length of the anterior loop between American and Taiwanese cohorts using CBCT. Surg Radiol Anat 2013;35:11-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-012-0986-z
  17. Parnia F, Moslehifard E, Hafezeqoran A, Mahboub F, Mojaver-Kahnamoui H. Characteristics of anatomical landmarks in the mandibular interforaminal region: a cone-beam computed tomography study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2012;17:e420-5.
  18. Danforth RA, Dus I, Mah J. 3-D volume imaging for dentistry: a new dimension. J Calif Dent Assoc 2003;31:817-23.
  19. Haghanifar S, Rokouei M. Radiographic evaluation of the mental foramen in a selected Iranian population. Indian J Dent Res 2009;20:150-2. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.52886
  20. Bushong SC. Radiologic science for technologists: physics, biology, and protection. 8th ed. New York: Elsevier; 2004:29-30.
  21. Katakami K, Mishima A, Shiozaki K, Shimoda S, Hamada Y, Kobayashi K. Characteristics of accessory mental foramina observed on limited cone-beam computed tomography images. J Endod 2008;34:1441-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.033
  22. Koh KJ, Kim KA. Observation of the anterior loop and mental foramen of the mandibular canal using cone beam computed tomography. Korean J Oral Maxillofac Radiol 2009;39:81-7.
  23. Demir A, Izgi E, Pekiner FN. Anterior loop of the mental foramen in a Turkish subpopulation with dentate patients: a cone beam computed tomography study. J Marmara Univ Inst Health Sci 2015;5:231-8.
  24. Rosenquist B. Is there an anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve? Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1996;16:40-5.
  25. Kaya Y, Sencimen M, Sahin S, Okcu KM, Dogan N, Bahcecitapar M. Retrospective radiographic evaluation of the anterior loop of the mental nerve: comparison between panoramic radiography and spiral computerized tomography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2008;23:919-25.
  26. Benninger B, Miller D, Maharathi A, Carter W. Dental implant placement investigation: is the anterior loop of the mental nerve clinically relevant? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;69:182-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2010.07.060
  27. Mraiwa N, Jacobs R, Moerman P, Lambrichts I, van Steenberghe D, Quirynen M. Presence and course of the incisive canal in the human mandibular interforaminal region: two-dimensional imaging versus anatomical observations. Surg Radiol Anat 2003;25:416-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-003-0152-8
  28. Bavitz JB, Harn SD, Hansen CA, Lang M. An anatomical study of mental neurovascular bundle-implant relationships. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1993;8:563-7.
  29. Mardinger O, Chaushu G, Arensburg B, Taicher S, Kaffe I. Anterior loop of the mental canal: an anatomical-radiologic study. Implant Dent 2000;9:120-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008505-200009020-00003
  30. Yu SK, Kim S, Kang SG, Kim JH, Lim KO, Hwang SI, et al. Morphological assessment of the anterior loop of the mandibular canal in Koreans. Anat Cell Biol 2015;48:75-80. https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.2015.48.1.75
  31. Uchida Y, Noguchi N, Goto M, Yamashita Y, Hanihara T, Takamori H, et al. Measurement of anterior loop length for the mandibular canal and diameter of the mandibular incisive canal to avoid nerve damage when installing endosseous implants in the interforaminal region: a second attempt introducing cone beam computed tomography. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;67:744-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2008.05.352
  32. Oguz O, Bozkir MG. Evaluation of location of mandibular and mental foramina in dry, young, adult human male, dentulous mandibles. West Indian Med J 2002;51:14-6.
  33. Rosa MB, Sotto-Maior BS, Machado Vde C, Francischone CE. Retrospective study of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve and the incisive canal using cone beam computed tomography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2013;28:388-92. https://doi.org/10.11607/jomi.2648
  34. Apostolakis D, Brown JE. The dimensions of the mandibular incisive canal and its spatial relationship to various anatomical landmarks of the mandible: a study using cone beam computed tomography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2013;28:117-24. https://doi.org/10.11607/jomi.2372
  35. Lee JK, Kim YG. An anatomical study on the mandibular medial surface by CBCT analysis for safer implant placement. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;37:43-8. https://doi.org/10.5125/jkaoms.2011.37.1.43

Cited by

  1. Assessment of Anterior Loop of Inferior Alveolar Nerve and Its Anatomic Variations with Age, Gender, and Dentition Status in Indian Population: A CBCT Study vol.2021, pp.None, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1813603
  2. Evaluation of Mental Foramen with Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Systematic Review of Literature vol.2021, pp.None, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8897275