DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Changes of acid value of lipid, chlorogenic acid content and anti-oxidative activities in roasted coffee for short term storage

단기저장 기간 중 커피원두의 지방산가, chlorogenic acid 및 항산화 활성 변화

  • Lim, Jinkyu (Major in Food Biomaterials, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Kim, Min-Yeol (Major in Food Biomaterials, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Kim, Sung-Hee (Major in Food Biomaterials, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Ma, Jin-Sung (Major in Food Biomaterials, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Oh, Jisun (Major in Food Biomaterials, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Kim, Jong Sang (Major in Food Biomaterials, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University)
  • Received : 2017.10.13
  • Accepted : 2017.11.13
  • Published : 2017.12.01

Abstract

Regarding the facts that fat, which is easily oxidized, is one of the major responsible factors affecting the quality of aroma, and polyphenol compounds including chlorogenic acid (CGA) contribute the anti-oxidative activities to coffee, we investigated fat oxidation, conversion of CGA, and changes of anti-oxidative activities according to the degree of roasting and storage of 60 days. We found that the amount of extractable fat by diethyl ether is increased as the coffee beans are roasted longer. Furthermore, the acidity values of the fat are increased from $8.91{\pm}0.16$ to $17.81{\pm}0.11$, and $10.37{\pm}0.27$ to $17.93{\pm}0.09$ in the medium and dark roasted coffee beans, respectively, while it is increased from $4.47{\pm}0.11$ to $11.89{\pm}0.18$ in the green coffee bean after 60 days. The CGA contents in the coffee beans were decreased from $310{\pm}8.2$ to $282{\pm}11.2$, then to $58{\pm}0.0mg$ in 10 gr of the green, medium and dark beans, respectively, and were not changed significantly during the storage period. However, the anti-oxidative activities measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging assays were not significantly different among the green, medium, and dark coffee beans during the storage period. Furthermore, antioxidant reactive element-luciferase assay showed that biological anti-oxidative activities were increased as coffee beans were more roasted and stored longer. As the total polyphenolic contents in the beans were significantly decreased by roasting, the results suggests that other molecules, such as, Maillard reaction products might play substantial role in anti-oxidative activity and influence cup quality of coffee.

쉽게 산화되는 지방이 커피의 풍미에 중요한 영향을 미치는 주요 요소 중 하나라는 것과 chlorogenic acid (CGA)가 커피의 주요 항산화 물질이라는 점을 고려하여 본 연구에서는 커피생두의 열처리 가공 정도와 단기저장 기간에 따라 변화하는 지방의 산화와 CGA의 농도변화와 동시에 항산화활성을 분석하였다. 커피 원두를 얻기 위한 열처리 가공 시간이 길수록 diethyl ether로 추출되는 지방의 양이 증가하였으며 지방의 산가는 분쇄된 medium과 dark 커피에서 가공 첫날 $8.91{\pm}0.16$$10.37{\pm}0.27$를 각각 보이다가 60일 간의 저장기간 후에는 $17.81{\pm}0.11$$17.93{\pm}0.09$로 증가하였으나 분쇄 생두에서는 $4.47{\pm}0.11$로부터 $11.89{\pm}0.18$로 증가함을 보였다. CGA 함량은 10 g 커피를 이용하여 커피를 제조할 경우 생두, medium, dark 커피의 경우 각각 $310{\pm}8.2$, $282{\pm}11.2$, $5.9{\pm}0.23mg$을 나타내었으며 이들 농도는 60일간의 저장 기간 동안 변화되지 않고 유지되었을 뿐 아니라 CGA를 분리하는 액체 크로마토그래피 조건에서 얻어지는 용리 크로마토그램도 저장기간 동안 변화되지 않고 유지되어 CGA가 저장기간 동안 다른 물질로 변화되지 않음을 보였다. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl와 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical 소거능 분석에서 원두 간 그리고 저장기간에 따른 특이적인 변화를 보이지 않았으며 ARE-luciferase 활성 분석에서는 오히려 roasting이 진행될수록 저장기간이 오랠수록 항산화활성이 증가함을 보였고 총 polyphenol의 함량은 roasting가공이 진행됨에 따라 감소함을 보였기 때문에 커피의 항산화활성은 polyphenol 외에 다른 물질, 즉, melanoidin과 같은 물질이 생성되어 항산화활성을 높이고 커피 풍미에도 영향을 미칠 가능성을 보였다.

Keywords

References

  1. Borelli RC, Visconti A, Mennella C, Anese M, Fogliano V (2002) Chemical characterization and antioxidant properties of coffee melanoidins. J Agric Food Chem 50: 6527-6533 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf025686o
  2. Charurin P, Ames JM, del Castillo MD (2002) Antioxidant activity of coffee model systems. J Agric Food Chem 50: 3751-3756 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf011703i
  3. Czerny M, Mayer F, Grosch W (1996) Detection of odor-active ethenylalkylpyrazines in roasted coffee. J Agric Food Chem 44: 3268-3272 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9600824
  4. Czerny M, Mayer F, Grosch W (1999) Sensory study on the character impact odorants of roasted Arabica coffee. J Agric Food Chem 47: 695-699 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf980759i
  5. de Azeredo AMC (2011) Coffee roasting: color and aroma-active sulfur compounds. Disseration, University of Florida
  6. Delgado-Andrade C, de la Cueva SP, Jesus Peinado MJ, Rufian-Henares JA, Navarro MP, Rubio LA (2017) Modifications in bacterial groups and short chain fatty acid production in the gut of healthy adult rats after long-term consumption of dietary Maillard reaction products. Food Res Int 100: 134-142 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.067
  7. Dittrich R, El-Massry F, Kunz K, Rinaldi F, Peich CC, Beckmann MW, Pischetsrieder M (2003) Maillard reaction products inhibit oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 51: 3900-3904 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf026172s
  8. Farah A, De Paulis T, Trugo LC, Martin PR (2005) Effect of roasting on the formation of chlorogenic acid lactones in coffee. J Agric Food Chem 53:1505-1513 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048701t
  9. Farah A, Monteiro M, Donangelo CM, Lafay S (2008) Chlorogenic acids from green coffee extract are highly bioavailable in humans. J Nutri 138: 2309-2315 https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.095554
  10. Frank O, Blumberg S, Krumpel G, Hofmann T (2008) Structure determination of 3-O-caffeoyl-epi-$\gamma$-quinide, an orphan bitter lactone in roasted coffee. J Agric Food Chem 56: 9581-9585 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf802210a
  11. Frank O, Blumberg S, Kunert C, Zehentbauer G, Hofmann T (2007) Structure determination and sensory analysis of bitter-tasting 4-vinylcatechol oligomers and their identification in roasted coffee by means of LC-MS/MS. J Agric Food Chem 55: 1945-1954 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0632280
  12. Gichimu BM, Gichuru EK, Mamati GE, Nyende AB (2014) Biochemical composition within Coffea arabica cv. Ruiru 11 and its relationship with cup quality. J Food Res 3: 31-44
  13. Goya L, Delgado-Andrade C, Rufian-Henares JA, Bravo L, Morales FJ (2007) Effect of coffee melanoidin on human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Protection against oxidative stress induced by tertbutylhydroperoxide. Mol Nutr Food Res 51:536-545 https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200600228
  14. Hofmann T, Schieberle P (2002) Chemical interactions between odor-active thiols and melanoidins involved in the aroma staling of coffee beverages. J Agric Food Chem 50: 319-326 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010823n
  15. Kang JS, Seo JY, Cho KM, Lee CK, Kim JH, Kim JS (2016) Antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of doenjang prepared with Rhizopus, Pichia, and Bacillus. Prev Nutr Food Sci 21: 221-226 https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2016.21.3.221
  16. Katsube T, Tabata H, Ohta Y, Yamasaki Y, Anuurad E, Shiwaku K, Yamane Y (2004) Screening for antioxidant activity in edible plant products: comparison of low-density lipoprotein oxidation assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, and Folin-Ciocalteu assay. J Agric Food Chem 52: 2391-2396 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf035372g
  17. Klatsky AL, Monton C, Udaltsova N, Friedman D (2006) Coffee, cirrhosis, and transaminase enzymes. Arch Intern Med 166: 1190-1195 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
  18. Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (2017) Korean Food Standards Codex, Ministry of Food and Safety, Cheongju
  19. Kuhnen S, Moacyr JR, Mayer JK, Navarro BB, Trevisan R, Honorato LA, Maraschin M, Pinheiro Machado Filho LC (2014) Phenolic content and ferric reducing-antioxidant power of cow's milk produced in different pasture-based production systems in southern Brazil. J Sci Food Agric 94: 3110-3117 https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6654
  20. Kumazawa K, Masuda H (2003) Identification of odor-active 3-mercapto-3-methylbutyl acetate in volatile fraction of roasted coffee brew isolated by steam distillation under reduced pressure. J Agric Food Chem 51: 3079-3082 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf021190v
  21. Martin MA, Ramos S, Mateos R, Rufian-Henares JA, Morales FJ, Bravo L, Goya L (2009) Biscuit melanoidins of different molecular masses protect human HepG2 cells against oxidative stress. J Agric Food Chem 57:7250-7258 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9006032
  22. Moon JK, Yoo H, Shibamoto T (2009) Role of roasting conditions in the level of chlorogenic acid content in coffee beans: Correlation with coffee acidity. J Agric Food Chem 57: 5365-5369 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf900012b
  23. Nichenametla SN, Taruscio TG, Barney DL, Exon JH (2006) A review of the effects and mechanisms of polyphenolics in cancer. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 46: 161-183 https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390591000541
  24. Oh J-G, Chun S-H, Kim DH, Kim JH, Shin HS, Cho YS, Kim YK, Choi H, Lee K-W (2017) Anti-inflammatory effect of sugar-amino acid Maillard reaction products on intestinal inflammation model in vitro and in vivo. Carbohydrate Res 449: 47-58 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2017.07.003
  25. Papetti A, Daglia M, Aceti C, Quaglia M, Gregotti C, Gazzani G (2006) Isolation of an in vitro and ex vivo antiradical melanoidin from roasted barley. J Agric Food Chem 54: 1209-1216 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf058133x
  26. Perrone D, Farah A, Donangelo CM, de Paulis T, Martin PR (2008) Comprehensive analysis of major and minor chlorogenic acids and lactones in economically relevant Brazilian coffee cultivars. Food Chem 106: 859-867 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.06.053
  27. Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C (1999) Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med 26: 1231-1237 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
  28. Samaras TS, Gordon MH, Ames JM (2005) Antioxidant properties of malt model systems. J Agric Food Chem 53: 4938-4945 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0501600
  29. Sauer T, Raithel M, Kressel J, Munch G, Pischetsrieder M (2013) Activation of the transcription factor Nrf2 in macrophages, Caco-2 cells and intact human gut tissue by Maillard reaction products and coffee. Amino Acids 44: 1427-1439 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-012-1222-1
  30. Shimoda H, Seki E, Aitani M (2006) Inhibitory effect of green coffee bean extract on fat accumulation and body weight gain in mice. BMC Comp Alt Med 6: 9 https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-6-9
  31. Smith JP, Daifas DP, El-Khoury W, Koukoutsis J, El-Khoury A (2004) Shelf life and safety concerns of bakery products: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 44: 19-55 https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690490263774
  32. Speer K, Kolling-Speer I (2006) The lipid fraction of the coffee bean. Braz J Plant Physiol 18: 201-216 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202006000100014
  33. Stelmach E, Pohl P, Szymczycha-Madeja A (2015) The content of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg and Mn and antioxidant activity of green coffee brews. Food Chem 182: 302-308 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.105
  34. Toci AT, Neto V, Torres AG, Farah A (2013) Changes in triacylglycerols and free fatty acids composition during storage of roasted coffee. Food Sci Technol 50: 581-590
  35. van Boekel M, Fogliano V, Pellegrini N, Stanton C, Scholz G, Lalljie S, Somoza V, Knorr D, Jasti PR, Eisenbrand G (2010) A review on the beneficial aspects of food processing. Mol Nutr Food Res 54: 1215-1247 https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200900608
  36. Vila MA, Andueza S, de Pena MP, Concepcion C (2005) Fatty acid evolution during the storage of ground, roasted coffees. J Am Oil Chem Soc 82: 639-646 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-005-1122-1
  37. Wang Y, Ho C-T (2009) Polyphenolic chemistry of tea and coffee: A century of progress. J Agric Food Chem 57: 8109-8114 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf804025c
  38. Watanabe T, Arai Y, Mitsui Y, Kusaura T, Okawa W, Kajihara Y, Saito I (2006) The blood pressure-lowering effect and safety of chlorogenic acid from green coffee bean extract in essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hyperten 28: 439-449 https://doi.org/10.1080/10641960600798655
  39. Woo Y, Oh J, Kim JS (2017) Suppression of Nrf2 activity by chestnut leaf extract increases chemosensitivity of breast cancer stem cells to Paclitaxel. Nutrients 9: 760 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070760
  40. Xue M, Qian Q, Adaikalakoteswari A, Rabbani N, Babaei-Jadidi R, Thornalley PJ (2008) Activation of NF-E2-related factor-2 reverses biochemical dysfunction of endothelial cells induced by hyperglycemia linked to vascular disease. Diabetes 57: 2809-2817 https://doi.org/10.2337/db06-1003