DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

How Do South Korean People View the US and Chinese National Influence?: Is Soft Power Zero-Sum?

  • Received : 2017.09.28
  • Accepted : 2017.11.01
  • Published : 2017.11.30

Abstract

This paper addresses the zero-sum of soft power against the backdrop of the rise of China and the relative "decline" of America. It attempts to find out that whether the "decline" of America's soft power is caused by the rise of China's soft power, and whether China's rise could guarantee with certainty the growth of soft power. In light of the particularity of South Korea, that is, its economy relies on China and its security relies on the US, this paper chooses South Korea as the entry point for the study. Based on the Pew data from a South Korean opinion poll, this paper conducts bivariate correlation and binary logistic regression respectively, to explore the existence of zero-sum "competitions" between China's and America's soft power.

Keywords

References

  1. Agresti, A., & Finlay, B. (2008). Statistical methods for the social science. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  2. Baum, M., & Nau, H. (2012). Foreign policy worldviews and US standing in the world. Retrieved from http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/fs/mbaum/documents/Baum-NauAPSA2012Final.pdf
  3. Belknap, G., & Campbell, A. (1951-1952). Political party identification and attitudes toward foreign policy. American Association for Public Opinion Research, 15(4), 601-623.
  4. Breslin, S. (2011). The soft notion of China's "soft power". Asia Programme Paper (03). London, UK: Chatham House.
  5. Brezezinski, Z., & Mearsheimer, J. (2005). Clash of the Titans. Foreign Policy. Retrieved from http://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/22/clash-of-the-titans/
  6. Center for Strategic and International Studies. (2016). How are global views on China trending? Retrieved from http://chinapower.csis.org/global-views/
  7. DeSilver, D. (2014). The politics of American generations: How age affects attitudes and voting behavior. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/facttank/2014/07/09/the-politics-of-american-generations-how-age-affects-attitudes-and-voting-behavior/
  8. Erickson, A., & Goldstein, L. (2006). Hoping for the best, preparing for the worst: China's response to US hegemony. The Journal of Strategic Studies, 29(6), 955-986. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390601016436
  9. Ferguson, N. (2008). Niall Ferguson says U.S.-China cooperation is critical to global economic health. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2008/11/16/AR2008111601736.html
  10. Fite, D., Genest, M., & Wilcox, C. (1990). Gender differences in foreign policy attitudes: A longitudinal analysis. American Politics Research, 18(4), 492-513. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X9001800406
  11. Han, S. (2012, November 9). South Korea seeks to balance relations with China and the United States. Retrieved from http://www.cfr.org/south-korea/south-korea-seeks-balance-relations-china-united-states/p29447
  12. Holsti, O. (1996). Public opinion and American foreign policy: Analytical perspectives on politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=81lvtOy1Ar0C&pg=PA179&lpg=PA179&dq=education+level+and+opinion+about+foreign+policy&source=bl&ots=4_b0d4hb8w&sig=jieamzqvcFFpwBA2ira8Emfe_E&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifw8jw0arQAhXGVxoKHfUCrYQ6AEIJzAD#v=onepage&q=education%20level%20and%20opinion%20about%20foreign%20policy&f=false
  13. IBM (n.d.) Merging Variables. Retrieved from http://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSLVQG_6.0.1/com.spss.reportsforsurveys/variables_merge.htm
  14. Johnston, A.I. (2004). Chinese middle class attitudes towards international affairs: Nascent liberalization? The China Quarterly, 179(179), 603-628. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741004000505
  15. Kellstedt, P., & Whitten, G. (2013). The fundamentals of political science research. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  16. Keohane, R., & Katzenstein, P. (2006). Introduction: The politics of anti-Americanisms. In P. Katzenstein., & R. Keohane (Ed.), Anti-Americanisms in World Politics (pp.1-8). Cornell, NY: Cornell University Press.
  17. Kong, X., & Mei, R. (2012). Ruhe Kandai Meiguo de Ruanshili. [How to treat America's soft power]. Meiguo Yanjiu [American Studies], 26(2), 7-28.
  18. Kurlantzik, J. (2007). Charm offensive: How China's soft power is transforming the world. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  19. Lee, J. (2008). The rise of China and soft power: China's soft power influence in Korea. The China Review, 8(1), 127-154.
  20. Mearsheimer, J. (2006). China's unpeaceful rise. Current History, 105(690), 160-162.
  21. Mehta, P.D. (2001). Control Variable in Research. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767007348.
  22. Miller, D., & Kull, S. (2011, March 3). Rising concern about China's increasing power: Global poll. BBC World Service Poll. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2011/03_march/28/china.shtml
  23. Nye, J. (2004a). The decline of America's soft power: Why Washington should worry. Foreign Affairs, 83(3), 16-20. https://doi.org/10.2307/20033972
  24. Nye, J. (2004b). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. New York, NY: Public Affairs.
  25. Nye, J. (2005, December 9). The rise of China's soft power. Wall Street Journal Asia. Retrieved from http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/publication/1499/rise_of_chinas_soft_power.html
  26. Nye, J., & Wang, J. (2009). The rise of China's soft power and its implications for the United States. In R. Rosecrance., & G. Gu. (Ed.), Power and Restraint: A Shared Vision for the US-China Relationship (pp.23-34). New York, NY: Public Affairs.
  27. Pardo, R.P. (2014, November 12). Return of the G2: Can US and China run the world? The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/11226098/Return-of--the-G2-Can-US-and-China-run-the-world.html
  28. Pew Research Center, Global Attitudes and Trends. (2014). International Survey Methodology (South Korea 2014). Retrieved from http://www.pewglobal.org/international-survey-methodology/?country_select=South+Korea&year_select=2014
  29. Pew Research Center, U.S. Politics & Policy. (2012, August 3). Party Affiliation and Election Polls, Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.peoplepress.org/2012/08/03/party-affiliation-and-election-polls/
  30. Reed, F. (2007, May 22). Why the U.S. government is hated over the world. Information Liberation. Retrieved from http://www.informationliberation.com/?id=22083
  31. People's Daily. (2013, June 4). Goujian Xinxing Daguoguanxi [To build new type of relationship between great powers]. People's Daily. Retrieved from http://opinion.people.com.cn/n/2013/0604/c1003-21722300.html
  32. Sweig, J. (2006, August 15). Why they hate us. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.learntoquestion.com/resources/database/archives/001344.html
  33. Togeby, L. (1994). The gender gap in foreign policy attitudes. Journal of Peace Research, 31(31), 375-392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343394031004002
  34. Wang, D. (2007). Zhengzhixue Dingliang Rumen [Introduction to quantitative methods of political science]. Beijing, China: China People's Publishing House.
  35. Wang, J., & Guo, Z. (2001). Luojihuiguimoxing- Moxing yu Yingyong [Logistic regression model - Methods and applications]. Beijing, China: Higher Education Press.
  36. Wang, Y. (2008). Public diplomacy and the rise of Chinese soft power. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616, 257-273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207312757
  37. Wittkopf, E. (1990). Faces of internationalism: Public opinion and American foreign policy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PMbdietnNvEC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=Munich+generation+Vietnam+generation&source=bl&ots=fO6IFfqCeK&sig=aygmufe6uAsj5UhwGxogmPZXRs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjn5JPBuNvQAhUHSRoKHUW4CcYQ6AEIIDAB#v=onepage&q=Munich%20generation%20Vietnam%20generation&f=false
  38. Wittkopf, E., Jones, C., & Kegley, C. (2005). American foreign policy: Pattern and process. Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jO4Kowz4KKcC&pg=PA273&lpg=PA273&dq=income+and+attitudes+to+foreign+policy&source=bl&ots=q6naYUF4In&sig=8WVMEZbE_x0d_JIzQzPVveCa3VU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGwsivt_QAhVKI8AKHaZhAisQ6AEIMDAD#v=onepage&q=income%20and%20attitudes%20to%20foreign%20policy&f=false
  39. Zhan, D. (2011). "Tian'anjian" Shijianhou Hanguo dui Zhonghanguanxi de Fansi [After the Cheonan issue, South Korea's rethinking of Sino-ROK relations]. Shijiejingji yu Zhengzhiluntan [World Economic and Political Forum], 6, 116-124.
  40. Zhao, W., & Yang, L. (2014). Hanguo Guoneizhengzhi dui Hanmeilianmeng de Yingxiang Fansi [Analysis of the influence of Seoul domestic politics on the ROK-U.S. alliance]. Shehuizhuyi Yanjiu [Socialism Studies], 4, 146-153.
  41. Zheng, D. (2009). China's use of soft power in the developing world-strategic intentions and implications for the United States. In C. McGiffert. (Eds.), Chinese Soft Power and Its Implications for the United States- Competition and Cooperation in the Developing World, a report of the CSIS smart power initiative (pp.1-26). Washington, D.C.