Korean Journal of Acupuncture

Society for Meridian and Acupoint (경락경혈학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Spin in Randomised Clinical Trial Reports of Interventions for Obesity

비만 중재 관련 무작위배정 비교임상연구 보고의 spin 연구

  • Lee, Sle (Department of Medical Science of Meridian, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Won, Jiyoon (Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Kim, Seoyeon (Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Park, Su Jeong (Department of Medical Science of Meridian, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Lee, Hyangsook (Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University)
  • 이슬 (경희대학교 대학원 경락의과학과) ;
  • 원지윤 (경희대학교 대학원 기초한의과학과) ;
  • 김서연 (경희대학교 대학원 기초한의과학과) ;
  • 박수정 (경희대학교 대학원 경락의과학과) ;
  • 이향숙 (경희대학교 대학원 기초한의과학과)
  • Received : 2017.11.30
  • Accepted : 2017.12.22
  • Published : 2017.12.27
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives : To identify the prevalence and types of spin in randomised controlled trials(RCTs) of obesity with statistically non-significant results for primary outcomes to provide adequate reporting directions. Methods : Spin is specific reporting strategy that could lead the readers to misinterpret the results of RCTs. RCTs on obesity with statistically non-significant primary outcomes published from July 2015 to June 2016 were retrieved from PubMed. All included RCTs were classified into 3 intervention categories. The identification and classification of spin in the included articles was performed by two independent researchers. Results : Among 46 RCTs with statistically non-significant primary outcomes, 32 studies were assessed as having at least one spin in title, abstract or main text. Of these, 9 articles were on complementary and alternative medicine, 7 on western medicine and 16 on dietary supplement and exercise. The frequency of spin among the types of interventions was similar. The most common type of spin was 'focusing on statistical significance within-group comparison' in results section of abstract and main text, and 'focusing only on treatment effectiveness with no consideration of statistical significance' in conclusion section of abstract and main text. Studies where random sequence generation was appropriately done was less likely to have spin. Conclusions : As a majority of obesity RCTs have spin, researchers should pay more attention to adequately interpreting and reporting statistically non-significant results.

Keywords

References

  1. Fletcher RH, Black B. Spin in scientific writing: Scientific mischief and legal jeopardy. Med.& Law. 2007 ; 26 : 511-25.
  2. Bailar J. How to distort the scientific record without actually lying: Truth, and the arts of science. European Journal of Oncology. 2006 ; 11(4) : 217-24.
  3. Marco CA, Larkin GL. Research ethics: Ethical issues of data reporting and the quest for authenticity. Acad Emerg Med. 2000 ; 7(6) : 691-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2000.tb02049.x
  4. Obersity and overweight. [Internet].; June 2016. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/.
  5. George BJ, Beasley TM, Brown AW, Dawson J, Dimova R, Divers J, et al. Common scientific and statistical errors in obesity research. Obesity. 2016 ; 24(4) : 781-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21449
  6. Jeong J, Cho S. Trend research of the human body-oriented obesity studes on Korean Medicine J Kor Med Rehab. 2016 ; 26(1) ; 49-61. https://doi.org/10.18325/JKMR.2016.26.1.49
  7. Schroll JB, Penninga EI, Gotzsche PC. Assessment of adverse events in protocols, clinical study reports, and published papers of trials of orlistat: A document analysis. PLoS Med. 2016 ; 13(8) : e1002101. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002101
  8. Sui Y, Zhao H, Wong V, Brown N, Li X, Kwan A, et al. A systematic review on use of chinese medicine and acupuncture for treatment of obesity. obesity reviews. 2012 ; 13(5) : 409-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00979.x
  9. Esteghamati A, Mazaheri T, Vahidi Rad M, Noshad S. Complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of obesity: A critical review. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2015 ; 13(2) : e19678.
  10. Complementary and alternative medicine [Internet]. Available from: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/acquisitions/cdm/subjects24.html.
  11. Complementary, alternative, or integrative health: What's in a name? [Internet].; June 2016. Available from: https://nccih.nih.gov/health/integrative-health#types.
  12. Hewitt CE, Mitchell N, Torgerson DJ. Listen to the data when results are not significant. BMJ. 2008 ; 336(7634) : 23-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39379.359560.AD
  13. Boutron I, Dutton S, Ravaud P, Altman DG. Reporting and interpretation of randomized controlled trials with statistically nonsignificant results for primary outcomes. JAMA. 2010 ; 303(20) : 2058-64. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.651
  14. Moore R, Gavaghan D, Tramer M, Collins S, McQuay H. Size is everything-large amounts of information are needed to overcome random effects in estimating direction and magnitude of treatment effects. Pain. 1998 ; 78(3) : 209-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00140-7
  15. Smith LA, Oldman AD, McQuay HJ, Moore RA. Teasing apart quality and validity in systematic reviews: An example from acupuncture trials in chronic neck and back pain. Pain. 2000 ; 86(1) : 119-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00234-7
  16. The inportance of size, http://www.bandolier.org.uk/Extraforbando/Size.pdf [Internet].
  17. Dechartres A, Ravaud P, Atal I, Riveros C, Boutron I. Association between trial registration and treatment effect estimates: A meta-epidemiological study. BMC medicine. 2016 ; 14(1) : 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-016-0639-x
  18. Lundh A, Sismondo S, Lexchin J, Busuioc OA, Bero L. Industry sponsorship and research outcome. The Cochrane Library. 2012.
  19. Cristea IA, Gentili C, Pietrini P, Cuijpers P. Sponsorship bias in the comparative efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for adult depression: Meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2017 ; 210(1) : 16-23. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.179275
  20. Mandrioli D, Kearns CE, Bero LA. Relationship between research outcomes and risk of bias, study sponsorship, and author financial conflicts of interest in reviews of the effects of artificially sweetened beverages on weight outcomes: A systematic review of reviews. PloS one. 2016 ; 11(9) : e0162198. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162198
  21. Carroll D, Tramer M, McQuay H, Nye B, Moore A. Randomization is important in studies with pain outcomes: Systematic review of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in acute postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth. 1996 ; 77(6) : 798-803. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/77.6.798
  22. Odgaard‐Jensen J, Vist GE, Timmer A, Kunz R, Akl EA, Schünemann H, et al. Randomisation to protect against selection bias in healthcare trials. The Cochrane Library. 2011.
  23. Pildal J, Hrobjartsson A, Jorgensen KJ, Hilden J, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC. Impact of allocation concealment on conclusions drawn from meta-analyses of randomized trials. Int J Epidemiol. 2007 ; 36(4) : 847-57. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym087
  24. Higgins JP, Green S. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins J, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Wiley Online Library; 2008.
  25. Als-Nielsen B, Chen W, Gluud C, Kjaergard LL. Association of funding and conclusions in randomized drug trials: A reflection of treatment effect or adverse events? JAMA. 2003 ; 290(7) : 921-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.7.921
  26. Abazarfard Z, Eslamian G, Salehi M, Keshavarzi S. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of an almond-enriched, hypocaloric diet on liver function tests in Overweight/Obese women. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016 ; 18(3) : e23628.
  27. Aslani Z, Mirmiran P, Alipur B, Bahadoran Z, Abbassalizade Farhangi M. Lentil sprouts effect on serum lipids of overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Health Promot Perspect. 2015 ; 5(3) : 215-24. https://doi.org/10.15171/hpp.2015.026
  28. Becker GF, Passos EP, Moulin CC. Short-term effects of a hypocaloric diet with low glycemic index and low glycemic load on body adiposity, metabolic variables, ghrelin, leptin, and pregnancy rate in overweight and obese infertile women: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 ; 102(6) : 1365-72. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.117200
  29. Chen IJ, Liu CY, Chiu JP, Hsu CH. Therapeutic effect of high-dose green tea extract on weight reduction: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2016 ; 35(3) : 592-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2015.05.003
  30. Chen W, Liu Y, Yang Q, Li X, Yang J, Wang J, et al. The effect of protein-enriched meal replacement on waist circumference reduction among overweight and obese chinese with hyperlipidemia. J Am Coll Nutr. 2016 ; 35(3) : 236-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2014.989625
  31. Choi EY, Lee H, Woo JS, Jang HH, Hwang SJ, Kim HS, et al. Effect of onion peel extract on endothelial function and endothelial progenitor cells in overweight and obese individuals. Nutrition. 2015 ; 31(9) : 1131-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2015.04.020
  32. Chun Y, Lee N, Park S, Sung S, Jung M, Kim J. A study on verifying the effectiveness of 4-week composite weight-loss dietary supplement ingestion on body composition and blood lipid changes in middle-aged women. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem. 2015 ; 19(3) : 211-6. https://doi.org/10.5717/jenb.2015.15090707
  33. de Luis DA, Izaola O, Aller R, de la Fuente B, Bachiller R, Romero E. Effects of a high-protein/low carbohydrate versus a standard hypocaloric diet on adipocytokine levels and insulin resistance in obese patients along 9 months. J Diabetes Complications. 2015 ; 29(7) : 950-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.06.002
  34. Ding SA, Simonson DC, Wewalka M, Halperin F, Foster K, Goebel-Fabbri A, et al. Adjustable gastric band surgery or medical management in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 ; 100(7) : 2546-56. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-1443
  35. Domene PA, Moir HJ, Pummell E, Knox A, Easton C. The health-enhancing efficacy of zumba(R) fitness: An 8-week randomised controlled study. J Sports Sci. 2016 ; 34(15) : 1396-404. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1112022
  36. Dutour A, Abdesselam I, Ancel P, Kober F, Mrad G, Darmon P, et al. Exenatide decreases liver fat content and epicardial adipose tissue in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes: A prospective randomized clinical trial using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016 ; 18(9) : 882-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.12680
  37. El-Mekawy HS, ElDeeb AM, Ghareib HO. Effect of laser acupuncture combined with a diet-exercise intervention on metabolic syndrome in post-menopausal women. J Adv Res. 2015 ; 6(5) : 757-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2014.08.002
  38. Fuller N, Fong M, Gerofi J, Leung L, Leung C, Denyer G, et al. A randomized controlled trial to determine the efficacy of a high carbohydrate and high protein ready‐to‐eat food product for weight loss. Clin Obes. 2016 ; 6(2) : 108-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12137
  39. Herter-Aeberli I, Cherkaoui M, El Ansari N, Rohner R, Stinca S, Chabaa L, et al. Iodine supplementation decreases hypercholesterolemia in iodine-deficient, overweight women: A randomized controlled trial. J Nutr. 2015 ; 145(9) : 2067-75. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.213439
  40. Johnson LK, Holven KB, Nordstrand N, Mellembakken JR, Tanbo T, Hjelmesaeth J. Fructose content of low calorie diets: Effect on cardiometabolic risk factors in obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Endocr Connect. 2015 ; 4(3) : 144-54. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-15-0047
  41. Kaats GR, Bagchi D, Preuss HG. Konjac glucomannan dietary supplementation causes significant fat loss in compliant overweight adults. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015 : 1-7.
  42. Kato H, Nagai Y, Ohta A, Tenjin A, Nakamura Y, Tsukiyama H, et al. Effect of sitagliptin on intrahepatic lipid content and body fat in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015 ; 109(1) : 199-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2015.04.008
  43. Lee YJ, Seo JA, Yoon T, Seo I, Lee JH, Im D, et al. Effects of low-fat milk consumption on metabolic and atherogenic biomarkers in korean adults with the metabolic syndrome: A randomised controlled trial. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2016 ; 29(4) : 477-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12349
  44. Makimura H, Stanley TL, Suresh C, De Sousa-Coelho AL, Frontera WR, Syu S, et al. Metabolic effects of long-term reduction in free fatty acids with acipimox in obesity: A randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 ; 101(3) : 1123-33. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-3696
  45. Matsuo T, So R, Shimojo N, Tanaka K. Effect of aerobic exercise training followed by a low-calorie diet on metabolic syndrome risk factors in men. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015 ; 25(9) : 832-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2015.05.009
  46. Newman LP, Bolhuis DP, Torres SJ, Keast RS. Dietary fat restriction increases fat taste sensitivity in people with obesity. Obesity. 2016 ; 24(2) : 328-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21357
  47. Nwosu BU, Maranda L, Cullen K, Greenman L, Fleshman J, McShea N, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive metformin therapy in Overweight/ Obese youth with type 1 diabetes. PLoS One. 2015 ; 10(9) : e0137525. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137525
  48. Prado WL, Lofrano-Prado MC, Oyama LM, Cardel M, Gomes PP, Andrade ML, et al. Effect of a 12-week low vs. high intensity aerobic exercise training on appetite-regulating hormones in obese adolescents: A randomized exercise intervention study. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2015 ; 27(4) : 510-7. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0018
  49. Raygan F, Rezavandi Z, Dadkhah Tehrani S, Farrokhian A, Asemi Z. The effects of coenzyme Q10 administration on glucose homeostasis parameters, lipid profiles, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome. Eur J Nutr. 2016 ; 55(8) : 2357-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1042-7
  50. Razny U, Kiec-Wilk B, Polus A, Goralska J, Malczewska-Malec M, Wnek D, et al. Effect of caloric restriction with or without n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on insulin sensitivity in obese subjects: A randomized placebo controlled trial. BBA Clin. 2015 ; 4 : 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbacli.2015.05.001
  51. Schneider J, Peterli R, Gass M, Slawik M, Peters T, Wolnerhanssen BK. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and roux-en-Y gastric bypass lead to equal changes in body composition and energy metabolism 17 months postoperatively: A prospective randomized trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016 ; 12(3) : 563-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2015.07.002
  52. Simpson EJ, Mendis B, Macdonald IA. Orange juice consumption and its effect on blood lipid profile and indices of the metabolic syndrome; a randomised, controlled trial in an at-risk population. Food Funct. 2016 ; 7(4) : 1884-91. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6FO00039H
  53. Sun W, Zeng C, Liao L, Chen J, Wang Y. Comparison of acarbose and metformin therapy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients with overweight and/or obesity. Curr Med Res Opin. 2016 ; 32(8) : 1389-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2016.1176013
  54. Swisher AK, Abraham J, Bonner D, Gilleland D, Hobbs G, Kurian S, et al. Exercise and dietary advice intervention for survivors of triple-negative breast cancer: Effects on body fat, physical function, quality of life, and adipokine profile. Support Care Cancer. 2015 ; 23(10) : 2995-3003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-015-2667-z
  55. Visuthranukul C, Sirimongkol P, Prachansuwan A, Pruksananonda C, Chomtho S. Low-glycemic index diet may improve insulin sensitivity in obese children. Pediatr Res. 2015 ; 78(5) : 567-73. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2015.142
  56. Wang X, You T, Murphy K, Lyles MF, Nicklas BJ. Addition of exercise increases plasma adiponectin and release from adipose tissue. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015 ; 47(11) : 2450-5. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000670
  57. Yeh ML, Chu NF, Hsu MY, Hsu CC, Chung YC. Acupoint stimulation on weight reduction for obesity: A randomized sham-controlled study. West J Nurs Res. 2015 ; 37(12) : 1517-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945914548707
  58. Azagury DE, Ris F, Pichard C, Volonte F, Karsegard L, Huber O. Does perioperative nutrition and oral carbohydrate load sustainably preserve muscle mass after bariatric surgery? A randomized control trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015 ; 11(4) : 920-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2014.10.016
  59. Chiswick C, Reynolds RM, Denison F, Drake AJ, Forbes S, Newby DE, et al. Effect of metformin on maternal and fetal outcomes in obese pregnant women(EMPOWaR): A randomised, double- blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015 ; 3(10) : 778-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00219-3
  60. Dejgaard TF, Frandsen CS, Hansen TS, Almdal T, Urhammer S, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, et al. Efficacy and safety of liraglutide for overweight adult patients with type 1 diabetes and insufficient glycaemic control(lira-1): A randomised, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016 ; 4(3) : 221-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00436-2
  61. Dostal AM, Arikawa A, Espejo L, Kurzer MS. Long-term supplementation of green tea extract does not modify adiposity or bone mineral density in a randomized trial of overweight and obese postmenopausal women. J Nutr. 2016 ; 146(2) : 256-64. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.219238
  62. Frankwich KA, Egnatios J, Kenyon ML, Rutledge TR, Liao PS, Gupta S, et al. Differences in weight loss between persons on standard balanced vs nutrigenetic diets in a randomized controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 ; 13(9) : 1625,32.e1; quiz e145-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2015.02.044
  63. Libman IM, Miller KM, DiMeglio LA, Bethin KE, Katz ML, Shah A, et al. Effect of metformin added to insulin on glycemic control among Overweight/Obese adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015 ; 314(21) : 2241-50. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.16174
  64. Madjd A, Taylor MA, Mousavi N, Delavari A, Malekzadeh R, Macdonald IA, et al. Comparison of the effect of daily consumption of probiotic compared with low-fat conventional yogurt on weight loss in healthy obese women following an energy- restricted diet: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 ; 103(2) : 323-9. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.120170
  65. Most J, Timmers S, Warnke I, Jocken JW, van Boekschoten M, de Groot P, et al. Combined epigallocatechin-3-gallate and resveratrol supplementation for 12 wk increases mitochondrial capacity and fat oxidation, but not insulin sensitivity, in obese humans: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 ; 104(1) : 215-27. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.122937
  66. Mullan A, Delles C, Ferrell W, Mullen W, Edwards CA, McColl JH, et al. Effects of a beverage rich in(poly)phenols on established and novel risk markers for vascular disease in medically uncomplicated overweight or obese subjects: A four week randomized placebo-controlled trial. Atherosclerosis. 2016 ; 246 : 169-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.004
  67. Ravussin E, Redman LM, Rochon J, Das SK, Fontana L, Kraus WE, et al. A 2-year randomized controlled trial of human caloric restriction: Feasibility and effects on predictors of health span and longevity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015 ; 70(9) : 1097-104. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glv057
  68. Ribeiro AS, Pina FL, Dodero SR, Silva DR, Schoenfeld BJ, Sugihara Junior P, et al. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid associated with aerobic exercise on body fat and lipid profile in obese women: A randomized, double-blinded, and placebo- controlled trial. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2016 ; 26(2) : 135-44. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0236
  69. Salord N, Fortuna AM, Monasterio C, Gasa M, Perez A, Bonsignore MR, et al. A randomized controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure on glucose tolerance in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2016 ; 39(1) : 35-41. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.5312
  70. Syngelaki A, Nicolaides KH, Balani J, Hyer S, Akolekar R, Kotecha R, et al. Metformin versus placebo in obese pregnant women without diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2016 ; 374(5) : 434-43. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1509819
  71. Yin X, Yan L, Lu Y, Jiang Q, Pu Y, Sun Q. Correction of hypovitaminosis D does not improve the metabolic syndrome risk profile in a chinese population: A randomized controlled trial for 1 year. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2016 ; 25(1) : 71-7.
  72. Barry HC, Ebell MH, Shaughnessy AF, Slawson DC, Nietzke F. Family physicians' use of medical abstracts to guide decision making: Style or substance? J Am Board Fam Pract. 2001 ; 14(6) : 437-42.
  73. Altwairgi AK, Booth CM, Hopman WM, Baetz TD. Discordance between conclusions stated in the abstract and conclusions in the article: Analysis of published randomized controlled trials of systemic therapy in lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012 ; 30(28) : 3552-7. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.41.8319
  74. Hopewel S, Clarke M, Moher D, Wager E, Middleton P, Altman DG, et al. CONSORT for reporting randomized controlled trials in journal and conference abstracts: Explanation and elaboration. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2008 ; 6(3) : 221-32. https://doi.org/10.3736/jcim20080301
  75. Lockyer S, Hodgson R, Dumville JC, Cullum N. "Spin" in wound care research: The reporting and interpretation of randomized controlled trials with statistically non-significant primary outcome results or unspecified primary outcomes. Trials. 2013 ; 14(1) : 371. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-14-371
  76. Haneef R, Lazarus C, Ravaud P, Yavchitz A, Boutron I. Interpretation of results of studies evaluating an intervention highlighted in google health news: A cross-sectional study of news. PloS one. 2015 ; 10(10) : e0140889. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140889
  77. Lazarus C, Haneef R, Ravaud P, Boutron I. Classification and prevalence of spin in abstracts of non-randomized studies evaluating an intervention. BMC medical research methodology. 2015 ; 15(1) : 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-15-1
  78. Yavchitz A, Boutron I, Bafeta A, Marroun I, Charles P, Mantz J, et al. Misrepresentation of randomized controlled trials in press releases and news coverage: A cohort study. PLoS Med. 2012 ; 9(9) : e1001308. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001308
  79. Yavchitz A, Ravaud P, Altman DG, Moher D, Hrobjartsson A, Lasserson T, et al. A new classification of spin in systematic reviews and meta-analyses was developed and ranked according to the severity. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016 ; 75 : 56-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.020
  80. Boutron I, Altman DG, Hopewell S, Vera-Badillo F, Tannock I, Ravaud P. Impact of spin in the abstracts of articles reporting results of randomized controlled trials in the field of cancer: The SPIIN randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 ; 32(36) : 4120-6. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.56.7503

Cited by

  1. Childhood obesity intervention studies: A narrative review and guide for investigators, authors, editors, reviewers, journalists, and readers to guard against exaggerated effectiveness claims vol.20, pp.11, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12923