Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea (한국지진공학회논문집)

Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea (한국지진공학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Evaluation of Caisson Quay Wall Behavior during the 1995 Kobe Earthquake by Nonlinear Effective Stress Analysis

비선형 유효응력해석을 이용한 1995 Kobe 지진시 케이슨 안벽의 거동 평가

  • Lee, Jin-sun (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wonkwang University) ;
  • Noh, Gyeong-do (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wonkwang University)
  • 이진선 (원광대학교 토목환경공학과) ;
  • 노경도 (원광대학교 토목환경공학과)
  • Received : 2016.04.21
  • Accepted : 2016.07.07
  • Published : 2016.11.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

On Tuesday, January 17, 1995, an earthquake of magnitude 7.2 struck the Port of Kobe. In effect, the port was practically destroyed. After a hazard investigation, researchers reached a consensus to adopt a performance-based design in port and harbor structures in Japan. A residual displacement of geotechnical structures after an earthquake is one of the most important engineering demands in performance-based earthquake-resistant design. Thus, it is essential to provide reliable responses of geotechnical structures after an earthquake through various techniques. Today, a nonlinear explicit response history analysis(NERHA) of geotechnical structures is the most efficient way to achieve this goal. However, verification of the effective stress analysis, including post liquefaction behavior, is difficult to perform at a laboratory scale. This study aims to rigorously verify the NERHA by using well-defined field measurements, existing numerical tools, and constitutive models. The man-made, Port Island, in Kobe provides intensive hazard investigation data, strong motion records of 1995 Kobe earthquake, and sufficient engineering parameters of the soil. Two dimensional numerical analysis was conducted on the caisson quay wall section at Port Island subjected to the 1995 Kobe earthquake. The analysis result matches very well with the hazard investigation data. The NERHA procedure presented in this paper can be used in further studies to explain and examine the effects of other factors on the seismic behavior of gravity quay walls in liquefiable soil areas.

Keywords

References

  1. Nozu A, Ichii K, Sugano T. Seismic design of port structures. J of Japan Association for Earthquake Eng. 2004;4(3-SP):195-208. https://doi.org/10.5610/jaee.4.3_195
  2. Dokanish MA, Subbaraj K. A survey of direct time-integration methods in computational structural dynamics I Explicit methods. Computers and Structures. 1989;32(6):1371-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(89)90314-3
  3. Dokanish MA, Subbaraj K. A survey of direct time-integration methods in computational structural dynamics - II Implicit methods. Computers and Structures. 1989;32(6):1387-1401. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(89)90315-5
  4. Pastor M, Zienkiewicz O, Chan CH. Generalized plasticity and the modeling of soil behavior. International J of Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics. 1990;14(3):151-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610140302
  5. Masing G. Eigenspannungen und verfestigung beim messing (Self stretching and hardening for brass). Proc of the Second International Congress of Applied Mechanics; 1926;Zurich, Switzerland:332-35(in German). c1926.
  6. Martin GR, Finn WDL, Seed HB. Fundamentals of liquefaction under cyclic loading. ASCE J of Geotech Div. 1975;101(GT5):423-38.
  7. Byrne P. A cyclic shear-volume coupling and pore-pressure model for sand. Proc of 2nd International Conf on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Eng and Soil Dynamics; 1991;St Louis, USA:47-55.
  8. Beaty MH, Byrne PM. A synthesized approach for predicting liquefaction and resulting displacements. Proc of the 12th World Conf on Earthquake Eng; 2000 Jan 30-Feb 4; Auckland, New Zealand: Paper No. 1589.
  9. Wang FI, Makdisi Z-L, Egan J. Practical applications of a nonlinear approach to analysis of earthquake-induced liquefaction and deformation of earth structures. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Eng. 2006;26(2-4):231-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.11.032
  10. Iai S, Matsunaga Y, Kameoka T. Strain space plasticity model for cyclic mobility. Soils and Foundations. 1992;32(2):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.32.2_1
  11. Iai S, Matsunaga Y, Kameoka T. Analysis of undrained cyclic behavior of sand under anisotropic consolidation. Soils and Foundations. 1992;32(2):16-20. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.32.2_16
  12. Dakoulas P, Gazetas G. Seismic effective analysis of caisson quay walls : application to Kobe. Soils and foundations. 2005;45(4):133-47. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.45.4_133
  13. Iai S, Ichii K, Liu H, Morita T. Effective stress analyses of ports structures. Soil and Foundations. 1998;38(SP):97-114.
  14. Sawada S, Ozutsumi O, Iai S. Analysis of liquefaction induced residual deformation for two types of quay walls - Analysis by "FLIP". Proc of the 12th World Conf on Earthquake Eng; 2000 Jan 30-Feb 4; Auckland, New Zealand: Paper No. 2486.
  15. Yang DS. Deformation-based seismic design models for waterfront structures. Ph.D Dissertation: Oregon State University, USA;c1999. 279 p.
  16. Na UJ, Chaudhuri SR, Shinozuka M. Probabilistic assessment for seismic performance of port structures. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Eng. 2008;28(2):147-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2007.05.003
  17. Dakoulas P, Gazetas G. Seismic effective-stress analysis of caisson quay walls - application to Kobe. Soil and Foundations. 2005;45(4):133-47. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.45.4_133
  18. Alyami M, Wilkinson SM, Rouainia M, Cai F. Simulation of seismic behavior of gravity quay wall using a generalized plasticity model. Proceedings of 4th International conference on earthquake geotechnical engineering 4ICEGE; 2007; Thessaloniki, Greece. c2007.
  19. Galavi V, Petlas A, Brinkgreve BJ. Finite element modelling of seismic liquefaction in soils. Geotechnical Eng J of the SEAGS & AGSSEA. 2013;44(3):55-64.
  20. Tsegaye A. Plaxis liquefaction model. Plaxis knowledge baseInternet]. 2010;Report No. 1. Available from: http://kb.plaxis.nl/. 39 p.
  21. The January 17-1995 Kobe earthquake - An EQE International summary report: EQE International; c1995. 94 p.
  22. Ishihara K. Terzaghi oration - Geotechnical aspects of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Proc of International Conf on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng ICSMFE; 1997: Hamburg, Germany: c1997. p. 2047-73.
  23. Inagaki H, Iai S, Sugano T, Yamazaki H, Inatomi T. Performance of caisson type quay walls at Kobe port. Soil and Foundations. 1996;36(SP):119-36. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.36.4_119
  24. Shibata T, Oka F, Ozawa Y. Characteristics of ground deformation due to liquefaction. Soils and Foundations. 1996;36(SP):65-79, https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.36.Special_65
  25. Fukusumi T, Koba M. Study on dynamic response of reclaimed and soft ground of man-made island in Kobe harbor during 1995 Hyogoken Nanbu earthquake and liquefaction control. Proc of the 12th World Conf on Earthquake Eng; 2000 Jan 30-Feb 4; Auckland, New Zealand: Paper No. 548. c2000.
  26. Iwasaki Y. Geological and geotechnical characteristics of Kobe area and strong ground motion records by 1995 Kobe earthquake. Soil Mech and Foundation Eng The Japanese Geotechnical Society. 1995;43(6):15-20(in Japanese).
  27. Kokusho T, Sato K, Matsumoto M. Nonlinear dynamic soil properties back-claculated from strong seismic motions during Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake. Proc of 11th World Conf on Earthquake Eng 11WCEE;1996: Acapulco, Mexico. Paper No. 2080. c1996.
  28. Kazama M, Yamaguchi A, Yanagisawa E. Seismic behavior of an underlying alluvial clay on man-made islands during the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake Effective stress analyses of ports structures. Soil and Foundations. 1998;38(SP):23-32. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.38.Special_23
  29. Cubrinovski M, Ishihara K, Tanizawa F. Numerical simulation of the Kobe port island liquefaction. Proc of 11th World Conference on Earthquake Eng 11WCEE; 1996: Acapulco, Mexico. Paper No. 330. c1996.
  30. Madabhushi SPG. Strong motion at port island during the Kobe earthquake. Technical Report. London, UK: Cambridge University Department of Engineering; c1995. 46 p.
  31. Shiomi T, Mutsuhiro Y. Effect of multi-directional loading and initial stress on liquefaction behavior. Proc of 11th World Conf on Earthquake Eng 11WCEE; 1996: Acapulco, Mexico. Paper No. 1676. c1996.
  32. Ansary MA, Yamazaki F, Katayama T. Analysis of ground motions at a reclaimed site during the 1995 great Hanshin earthquake. J of Civil Eng The institute of Eng Bangladesh. 1997;CE25(1):79-95.
  33. User's Manual FLAC Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua. Minneapolis, USA: Itasca Consulting Group; c2015.
  34. Cundall PA, Hansteen H, Lacasse S, Selnes PB. NESSI-Soil structure interaction program for dynamic and static problems. Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Geotechnical Institute; c1980. Report 51508-9.
  35. Lee JS. Appropriate input earhquake motion for the verification of seismic response analysis by geotechnical dynamic centrifuge test. EESK J of Earthquake Eng. 2013;17(5):209-17(in Korean). https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2012.707346
  36. Mejia LH, Dawson EM. Earthquake deconvolution for FLAC. Proc of 4th International FLAC Symposium on Numerical Modeling in Geomechanics; 2006; Madrid, Spain. c2006.
  37. Hardin BO, Drnevich VP. Shear modulus and damping in soils - design equation and curves. ASCE J of Soil Mech and Foundation Eng Div. 1972;98(7):667-91.
  38. Lee JS, Noh GD. Effect of cyclic soil model on seismic site response analysis. KGES J of the Korean Geo-Environmental Society. 2015;16(12):23-35(in Korean).
  39. Fujikawa S, Fukutake K. Simulation of the vertical seismic array records at the Kobe port island considering the effect of the improved ground adjacent to the array site. JSCE J of Japanese Society of Civil Eng. 2001;687(III-56):169-80.
  40. Richards R, Elms DG, Budhu M. Seismic bearing capacity and settlements of foundations. ASCE J of Geotechnical Eng. 1993;119(4):662-74. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:4(662)
  41. Paolucci R, Pecker A. Seismic bearing capacity of shallow strip foundations on dry soils. Soil and Foundations. 1997;37(3):95-105. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.37.3_95
  42. Wu J, Kammerer AM, Riemer MF, Seed RB, Pestana JM. Laboratory study of liquefaction triggering criteria. 13th World Conf on Earthquake Eng; 2004; Vancouver BC, Canada: Paper No. 2580. c2004.