DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Perceived Ethnic Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms Among Biethnic Adolescents in South Korea

  • Park, Gum Ryeong (Social Insurance Research Department, Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs) ;
  • Son, Inseo (Asiatic Research Institute, Korea University) ;
  • Kim, Seung-Sup (Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University)
  • 투고 : 2016.04.14
  • 심사 : 2016.08.24
  • 발행 : 2016.09.30

초록

Objectives: This study investigated the association between perceived ethnic discrimination and depressive symptoms among biethnic adolescents in South Korea. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of 4141 biethnic adolescents using data from the 2012 National Survey of Multicultural Families. Perceived ethnic discrimination was measured using the question "Have you ever been discriminated against or ignored because either of your parents is not a Korean?" with an assessment of depressive symptoms over the past 12 months. Logistic regression was applied to examine potential associations between perceived ethnic discrimination and depressive symptoms. Results: Among 4141 biethnic adolescents, 558 (13.5%) reported having experienced ethnic discrimination. The most common discriminatory perpetrators were friends (n=241, 5.8%), followed by strangers (n=67, 1.6%). Depressive symptoms were related to experience of ethnic discrimination (odds ratio [OR], 3.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.89 to 4.98) after adjusting for potential confounders. In an analysis focusing on the perpetrators of discrimination, depressive symptoms were found to be associated with perceived ethnic discrimination from friends (OR, 3.95; 95% CI, 2.75 to 5.68), teachers (OR, 4.53; 95% CI, 2.16 to 9.51), family members and relatives (OR, 3.89; 95% CI, 1.59 to 9.48), neighbors (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.14 to 5.38), and strangers (OR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.30 to 4.79). Furthermore, the OR for depressive symptoms among those exposed to 1, 2, or 3 or more discriminatory perpetrators were 3.61 (95% CI, 2.49 to 5.24), 3.61 (95% CI, 1.68 to 7.74), and 6.69 (95% CI, 2.94 to 15.22), respectively. Conclusions: According to our findings, friends were the most common perpetrators of discrimination and the experience of ethnic discrimination was associated with depressive symptoms among biethnic adolescents in South Korea.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Lee Y. Migration, migrants, and contested ethno-nationalism in Korea. Crit Asian Stud 2009;41(3):363-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672710903119727
  2. Jones GV, Shen HH. International marriage in East and Southeast Asia: trends and research emphases. Citizensh Stud 2008;12(1):9-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020701794091
  3. Statistics Korea. Adolescent statistics 2013 [cited 2014 Mar 3]. Available from: http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/2/1/index.board?bmode=read&aSeq=287091 (Korean).
  4. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Indicators of immigrant integration 2015 [cited 2016 Sep 4]. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/els/mig/Indicators-of-Immigrant-Integration-2015.pdf.
  5. Chun JS, Chung Y. A comparison of path factors influencing depressive symptoms in children of immigrant women and Korean children in South Korea. Child Youth Serv Rev 2011;33 (11):2087-2095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.04.032
  6. Lee S, Kim DS. Acculturation and self-rated health among foreign women in Korea. Health Soc Welf Rev 2014;34(2):453-483. https://doi.org/10.15709/hswr.2014.34.2.453
  7. Kim M. Citizenship projects for marriage migrants in South Korea: intersecting motherhood with ethnicity and class. Soc Pol 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxt015.
  8. Belanger D, Lee HK, Wang HZ. Ethnic diversity and statistics in East Asia: ‘foreign brides’ surveys in Taiwan and South Korea. Ethn Racial Stud 2010;33(6):1108-1130. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870903427507
  9. World Values Survey. World values survey wave 6: 2010-2014 [cited 2016 Sep 20]. Available from: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp.
  10. Krieger N. Discrimination and health inequities. Int J Health Serv 2014;44(4):643-710. https://doi.org/10.2190/HS.44.4.b
  11. Priest N, Paradies Y, Trenerry B, Truong M, Karlsen S, Kelly Y. A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people. Soc Sci Med 2013;95:115-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.031
  12. Wong CA, Eccles JS, Sameroff A. The influence of ethnic discrimination and ethnic identification on African American adolescents’ school and socioemotional adjustment. J Pers 2003; 71(6):1197-1232. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.7106012
  13. Lee YJ, Seol DH, Cho SN. International marriages in South Korea: the significance of nationality and ethnicity. J Popul Res 2006;23(2):165-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03031814
  14. Owusu A, Hart P, Oliver B, Kang M. The association between bullying and psychological health among senior high school students in Ghana, West Africa. J Sch Health 2011;81(5): 231-238. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00590.x
  15. Eaton DK, Kann L, Kinchen S, Shanklin S, Flint KH, Hawkins J, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance - United States, 2011. MMWR Surveill Summ 2012;61(4):1-162.
  16. Rogers W. Regression standard errors in clustered samples. Stata Tech Bull 1994;3(13):19-23.
  17. Williams RL. A note on robust variance estimation for cluster-correlated data. Biometrics 2000;56(2):645-646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00645.x
  18. Umana-Taylor AJ, Updegraff KA. Latino adolescents' mental health: exploring the interrelations among discrimination, ethnic identity, cultural orientation, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms. J Adolesc 2007;30(4):549-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.08.002
  19. Zeiders KH, Doane LD, Roosa MW. Perceived discrimination and diurnal cortisol: examining relations among Mexican American adolescents. Horm Behav 2012;61(4):541-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.018
  20. Tobler AL, Maldonado-Molina MM, Staras SA, O’Mara RJ, Livingston MD, Komro KA. Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, problem behaviors, and mental health among minority urban youth. Ethn Health 2013;18(4):337-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2012.730609
  21. Caputo RK. The effects of socioeconomic status, perceived discrimination and mastery on health status in a youth cohort. Soc Work Health Care 2003;37(2):17-42. https://doi.org/10.1300/J010v37n02_02
  22. Berkel C, Knight GP, Zeiders KH, Tein JY, Roosa MW, Gonzales NA, et al. Discrimination and adjustment for Mexican American adolescents: a prospective examination of the benefits of culturally-related values. J Res Adolesc 2010;20(4):893-915. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00668.x
  23. Tummala-Narra P, Claudius M. Perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms among immigrant-origin adolescents. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2013;19(3):257-269. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032960
  24. Sangalang CC, Gee GC. Racial discrimination and depressive symptoms among Cambodian American adolescents: the role of gender. J Community Psychol 2015;43(4):447-465. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21696
  25. Kim SS, Chung Y, Subramanian SV, Williams DR. Measuring discrimination in South Korea: underestimating the prevalence of discriminatory experiences among female and less educated workers? PLoS One 2012;7(3):e32872. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032872
  26. Crosby F. The denial of personal discrimination. Am Behav Sci 1984;27(3):371-386. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276484027003008
  27. Krieger N. Embodying inequality: a review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. Int J Health Serv 1999;29(2):295-352. https://doi.org/10.2190/M11W-VWXE-KQM9-G97Q
  28. Sellers RM, Copeland-Linder N, Martin PP, Lewis RH. Racial identity matters: the relationship between racial discrimination and psychological functioning in African American adolescents. J Res Adolesc 2006;16(2):187-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00128.x
  29. Harris R, Cormack D, Tobias M, Yeh LC, Talamaivao N, Minster J, et al. The pervasive effects of racism: experiences of racial discrimination in New Zealand over time and associations with multiple health domains. Soc Sci Med 2012;74(3):408-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.004

피인용 문헌

  1. Violence Victimization in Korean Adolescents: Risk Factors and Psychological Problems vol.14, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050541
  2. Taekwondo Training Improves Mood and Sociability in Children from Multicultural Families in South Korea: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study vol.15, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040757
  3. Effects of Ethnic Identity on the Relationship Between Mental Health and Perceived Discrimination Among Ethnic Return Migrants: The Case of Korean Chinese Return-Migrated to South Korea vol.21, pp.3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-018-0775-9
  4. The Mental Health of Ethnic Minority Youths in South Korea and Its Related Environmental Factors: A Literature Review vol.30, pp.3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.190019
  5. Comparative Study of Mental Health States Among Adolescents in Multicultural Versus Monocultural Families, Using the 13th Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey, 2017 vol.29, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5812/ijp.92192
  6. Discrimination by whom? : Unraveling the effect of experiences of discrimination on depression of multi-ethnic children and adolescents in Korea vol.29, pp.4, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1080/02185385.2019.1682032
  7. Factors affecting the self-rated health of immigrant women married to native men and raising children in South Korea: a cross-sectional study vol.20, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-01073-8
  8. Analyzing Gender Differences in Factors Affecting Depression among Multicultural Adolescents in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study vol.18, pp.7, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073683
  9. Depression Mediates Association Between Perceived Ethnic Discrimination and Elevated Blood Glucose Levels Among Sub-Saharan African Migrants in Australia vol.23, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-020-01131-1