DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Seismic performance of RC buildings subjected to past earthquakes in Turkey

  • Inel, Mehmet (Department of Civil Engineering, Pamukkale University) ;
  • Meral, Emrah (Department of Civil Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University)
  • Received : 2016.04.08
  • Accepted : 2016.09.07
  • Published : 2016.09.25

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate seismic performance of existing low and mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings by comparing their displacement capacities and displacement demands under selected ground motions experienced in Turkey as well as demand spectrum provided in 2007 Turkish Earthquake Code for design earthquake with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years for soil class Z3. It should be noted that typical residential buildings are designed according to demand spectrum of 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. Three RC building sets as 2-, 4- and 7-story, are selected to represent reference low-and mid-rise buildings located in the high seismicity region of Turkey. The selected buildings are typical beam-column RC frame buildings with no shear walls. The outcomes of detailed field and archive investigation including approximately 500 real residential RC buildings established building models to reflect existing building stock. Total of 72 3-D building models are constructed from the reference buildings to include the effects of some properties such as structural irregularities, concrete strength, seismic codes, structural deficiencies, transverse reinforcement detailing, and number of story on seismic performance of low and mid-rise RC buildings. Capacity curves of building sets are obtained by nonlinear static analyses conducted in two principal directions, resulting in 144 models. The inelastic dynamic characteristics are represented by "equivalent" Single-Degree-of- Freedom (ESDOF) systems using obtained capacity curves of buildings. Nonlinear time history analysis is used to estimate displacement demands of representative building models idealized with (ESDOF) systems subjected to the selected ground motion records from past earthquakes in Turkey. The results show that the significant number of pre-modern code 4- and 7-story buildings exceeds LS performance level while the modern code 4- and 7-story buildings have better performances. The findings obviously indicate the existence of destructive earthquakes especially for 4- and 7-story buildings. Significant improvements in the performance of the buildings per modern code are also obvious in the study. Almost one third of pre-modern code buildings is exceeding LS level during records in the past earthquakes. This observation also supports the building damages experienced in the past earthquake events in Turkey.

Keywords

References

  1. Adalier, K. and Aydingun, O. (2001), "Structural engineering aspects of the June 27, 1998 Adana-Ceyhan (Turkey) earthquake", Eng. Struct., 23(4), 343-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(00)00046-8
  2. Akkar, S., Sucuoglu, H. and Yakut, A. (2005), "Displacement-based fragility functions for low-and mid-rise ordinary concrete buildings", Earthq. Spectra, 21(4), 901-927. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2084232
  3. Antoniou, S. and Pinho, R. (2008), SeismoSignal: A Computer Program for Signal Processing of Strongmotion Data, SeismoSoft, Italy.
  4. ATC-40 (1996), Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings, Applied Technology Council, California.
  5. Bayraktar, A., Altunisik, A.C. and Pehlivan, M. (2013a), "Performance and damages of reinforced concrete buildings during the October 23 and November 9, 2011 Van, Turkey, earthquakes", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 53, 49-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.06.004
  6. Bayraktar, A., Altunisik, A.C., Turker, T., Karadeniz, H., Erdogdu, S., Angin, Z. and Ozsahin, T.S. (2013b), "Structural performance evaluation of 90 RC buildings collapsed during the 2011 Van, Turkey, Earthquakes", J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 29(6), 04014177. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000524
  7. Cakir, F. and Uysal, H. (2014), "Seismic performance of the historical masonry clock tower and influence of the adjacent walls", Earthq. Struct., 7(2), 217-231. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2014.7.2.217
  8. Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (DEMP) (2016), http://www.deprem.gov.tr/, Earthquake Research Department, Ankara, Turkey.
  9. Dogangun, A. (2004), "Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the May 1 2003 Bingol earthquake in Turkey", Eng. Struct., 26(6), 841-856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.02.005
  10. Dogangun, A. and Sezen, H. (2012), "Seismic vulnerability and preservation of historical masonry monumental structures", Earthq. Struct., 3(1), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2012.3.1.083
  11. FEMA-356 (2000), Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington.
  12. FEMA-440 (2005), Improvement of Nonlinear Static Seismic Analysis Procedures, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, USA.
  13. Hachem, M.M. (2004), Bispec: A Nonlinear Spectral Analysis Program That Performs Bi-Direction Dynamic Time-History Analysis of Pendulum System, University of California at Berkeley, USA.
  14. Inel, M. (2008), "Betonarme Elemanlarin Dogrusal Otesi Davranislarinin Bilgisayar Ortaminda Modellenmesi", Research Report No. TUBITAK 105M024, Ankara. (in Turkish)
  15. Inel, M. and Ozmen, H.B. (2008) "Effect of infill walls on soft story behavior in mid-rise RC buildings", 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, October.
  16. Inel, M., Ozmen, H.B. and Bilgin, H. (2008), "Re-evaluation of building damage during recent earthquakes in Turkey", Eng. Struct., 30(2), 412-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.04.012
  17. Inel, M., Ozmen, H.B. and Akyol, E. (2013), "Observations on the building damages after 19 May 2011 Simav (Turkey) earthquake", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 11(1), 255-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-012-9414-3
  18. Inel, M., Ozmen, H.B. and Meral, E. (2010) "Seismic displacement demands of mid-rise reinforced concrete building stock in Turkey", Proceedings of 14th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, August 30-September 03.
  19. Isik, E. and Kutanis, M. (2015), "Performance based assessment for existing residential buildings in Lake Van basin and seismicity of the region", Earthq. Struct., 9(4), 893-910. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.9.4.893
  20. Korkmaz, K.A., Demir, F. and Yenice, T. (2015), "Earthquake performance investigation of R/C residential buildings in Turkey", Comput. Concrete, 15(6), 921-933. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2015.15.6.921
  21. Korkmaz, K.A., Kayhan, A.H. and Ucar, T. (2013), "Seismic assessment of R/C residential buildings with infill walls in Turkey", Comput. Concrete, 12(5), 681-695. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2013.12.5.681
  22. Meral, E. (2010), "Evaluation of seismic displacement demands of low and mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings", MSc Thesis, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
  23. Ozcebe, G. (2004), "Seismic assessment and rehabilitation of existing buildings", Tubitak Research Report No. ICTAG YMAU I574, Ankara, Turkey.
  24. Ozmen, H.B., Inel, M., Meral, E. and Bucakli, M. (2010), "Vulnerability of low and mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings in Turkey", Proceedings of 14th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, August 30-September 03.
  25. Ozmen, H.B., Inel, M. and Cayci, B.T. (2013), "Engineering implications of the RC building damages after 2011 Van earthquakes", Earthq. Struct., 5(3), 297-319. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2013.5.3.297
  26. Ozmen, H.B., Inel, M., Akyol, E., Cayci, B.T. and Un, H. (2014), "Evaluations on the relation of RC building damages with structural parameters after May 19, 2011 Simav (Turkey) earthquake", Nat. Haz., 71(1), 63-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0900-y
  27. Ozmen, H.B., Inel, M. and Meral, E. (2014), "Evaluation of the main parameters affecting seismic performance of the RC buildings", Sadhana, 39(2), 437-450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-014-0235-8
  28. Ozmen, H.B., Inel, M., Senel, S.M. and Kayhan, A.H. (2015), "Load carrying system characteristics of existing Turkish RC building stock", Int. J. Civ. Eng., 13(1), 76-91.
  29. SAP2000 (2007), Integrated Finite Element Analysis and Design of Structures Basic Analysis Reference Manual, Computers and Structures Inc., Berkeley, USA.
  30. Sayin, E., Yon, B., Calayir, Y. and Gor, M. (2014), "Construction failures of masonry and adobe buildings during the 2011 Van earthquakes in Turkey", Struct. Eng. Mech., 51(3), 503-518. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2014.51.3.503
  31. Scawthorn, C. and Johnson, G.S. (2000), "Preliminary report: Kocaeli (Izmit) earthquake of 17 August 1999", Eng. Struct., 22(7), 727-745. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(99)00106-6
  32. Sezen, H., Whittaker, A.S., Elwood, K.J. and Mosalam, K.M. (2003), "Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake, and seismic design and construction practice in Turkey", Eng. Struct., 25(1), 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00121-9
  33. Siddiqui, U.A., Sucuoglu, H. and Yakut, A. (2015), "Seismic performance of gravity-load designed concrete frames infilled with low-strength masonry", Earthq. Struct., 8(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.8.1.019
  34. Sucuoglu, H. (2000), "The 1999 Kocaeli and Duzce-Turkey Earthquakes", Earthquakes Report, Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  35. Tama, Y.S., Solak, A., Cetinkaya, N., Sen, G., Yilmaz, S. and Kaplan, H. (2013), "Damages to unreinforced masonry buildings by the Van earthquakes of 23 October and 9 November 2011", Nat. Haz. Earth Syst. Sci., 12(8), 2709-2718. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2709-2012
  36. Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC) (1975), Specifications for Buildings to be Built in Seismic Areas, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Ankara, Turkey.
  37. Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC) (1998), Specifications for Buildings to be Built in Seismic Areas, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Ankara, Turkey.
  38. Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC) (2007), Specifications for Buildings to be Built in Seismic Areas, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Ankara, Turkey.
  39. Yon, B., Sayin, E., Calayir, Y., Ulucan, Z.C., Karatas, M., Sahin, H. and Bildik, A.T. (2015), "Lessons learned from recent destructive Van, Turkey earthquakes", Earthq. Struct., 9(2), 431-453. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.9.2.431
  40. Yon, B., Sayin, E. and Koksal, T.S. (2013), "Seismic response of buildings during the May 19, 2011 Simav, Turkey earthquake", Earthq. Struct., 5(3), 343-357. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2013.5.3.343

Cited by

  1. Performance based assessment of steel frame structures by different material models vol.17, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-017-9013-x
  2. Earthquake Performance of Reinforced-Concrete Shear-Wall Structure Using Nonlinear Methods vol.32, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001117
  3. Performance Analysis of Steel Structures with A3 Irregularities vol.18, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-018-0046-6
  4. Shear stress indicator to predict seismic performance of residential RC buildings vol.19, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2017.19.3.283
  5. Effect of rapid screening parameters on seismic performance of RC buildings vol.62, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2017.62.4.391
  6. Proposal of a Incremental Modal Pushover Analysis (IMPA) vol.13, pp.6, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2017.13.6.539
  7. Dynamic performance of a composite building structure under seismic ground motions vol.15, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2018.15.2.179
  8. Evaluation of Structural Properties of Existing Turkish RC Building Stock vol.43, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-018-0207-z
  9. The Effect of Site-Specific Design Spectrum on Earthquake-Building Parameters: A Case Study from the Marmara Region (NW Turkey) vol.10, pp.20, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207247
  10. Effect of Soil-Structure Interaction on Seismic Behavior of Mid- and Low-Rise Buildings vol.21, pp.3, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001944
  11. A case study for determination of seismic risk priorities in Van (Eastern Turkey) vol.20, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2021.20.4.445
  12. Sociotechnical Evaluation of the Soft Story Problem in Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings in Nepal vol.35, pp.4, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0001582
  13. Damage Observation of Reinforced Concrete Buildings after 2020 Sivrice (Elazığ) Earthquake, Turkey vol.35, pp.5, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0001619
  14. First level seismic risk assessment of old unreinforced masonry (URM) using fuzzy synthetic evaluation vol.44, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103162