Smart Structures and Systems

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The effect of non-synchronous sensing on structural identification and its correction

  • Feng, Zhouquan (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Katafygiotis, Lambros (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)
  • Received : 2015.10.01
  • Accepted : 2016.01.30
  • Published : 2016.09.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The goal of this study is to investigate the effect of non-synchronous sensing when using wireless sensors on structural identification and to attempt correcting such errors in order to obtain a better identification result. The sources causing non-synchronous sensing are discussed first and the magnitudes of such synchronization errors are estimated based on time stamps of data samples collected from Imote2 sensors; next the impact of synchronization errors on power spectral densities (PSDs) and correlation functions of output responses are derived analytically; finally a new method is proposed to correct such errors. In this correction method, the corrected PSDs of output responses are estimated using non-synchronous samples based on a modified FFT. The effect of synchronization errors in the measured output responses on structural identification and the application of this correction method are demonstrated using simulation examples. The simulation results show that even small synchronization errors in the output responses can distort the identified modal and stiffness parameters remarkably while the parameters identified using the proposed correction method can achieve high accuracy.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Hong Kong Research Grants Council

References

  1. Bendat, J.S. and Piersol, A.G. (1986), Random Data: Analysis and Measurement Procedures (2nd Ed.), New York: Wiley.
  2. Bendat, J.S. and Piersol, A.G. (1993), Engineering Applications of Correlation and Spectral Analysis (2nd Ed.), New York: J. Wiley.
  3. Brincker, R., Zhang, L. and Andersen, P. (2001), "Modal identification of output-only systems using frequency domain decomposition", Smart Mater. Struct., 10(3), 441-445. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/10/3/303
  4. Caicedo, J.M., Dyke, S.J. and Johnson, E.A. (2004), "Natural excitation technique and Eigensystem realization algorithm for phase I of the IASC-ASCE benchmark problem: Simulated data", J. Eng. Mech. - ASCE, 130(1), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2004)130:1(49)
  5. Divi, V. and Wornell, G. (2008), "Bandlimited signal reconstruction from noisy periodic nonuniform samples in time-interleaved ADCS", Proceedings of the In ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing .
  6. Felber, A.J. (1993), "Development of a hybrid bridge evaluation system", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, Canada.
  7. Feng, Z. (2013), "Structural health monitoring using wireless sensor networks and Bayesian probabilistic methods", Ph.D. Dissertation, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.
  8. Feng, Z. and Katafygiotis, L.S. (2013), "Efficient model updating with incomplete modal data for structural health monitoring", In Safety, Reliability, Risk and Life-Cycle Performance of Structures and Infrastructures - Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability, ICOSSAR 2013.
  9. James, G.H., Carne, T.G. and Lauffer, J.P. (1993), The Natural Excitation Technique (NExT) for modal parameter extraction from operating wind turbines (Vol. Rep. No. S). Sandia, NM: Sandia National Laboratories.
  10. Juang, J.N. and Pappa, R.S. (1985), "An eigensystem realization algorithm for modal parameter identification and model reduction", J. Guid. Control Dynam., 8(5), 620-627. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.20031
  11. Katafygiotis, L.S. and Yuen, K.V. (2001), "Bayesian spectral density approach for modal updating using ambient data", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 30(8), 1103-1123. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.53
  12. Kim, S., Pakzad, S., Culler, D., Demmel, J., Fenves, G., Glaser, S. and Turon, M. (2007), "Health monitoring of civil infrastructures using wireless sensor networks". In IPSN 2007: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.
  13. Krishnamurthy, V., Fowler, K. and Sazonov, E. (2008), "The effect of time synchronization of wireless sensors on the modal analysis of structures", Smart Mater. Struct., 17(5), 055018. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/17/5/055018
  14. Lei, Y., Kiremidjian, A.S., Nair, K.K., Lynch, J.P. and Law, K.H. (2005), "Algorithms for time synchronization of wireless structural monitoring sensors", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 34(6), 555-573. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.432
  15. Li, J., Mechitov, K.A., Kim, R.E. and Spencer, B.F. Jr. (2015), "Efficient time synchronization for structural health monitoring using wireless smart sensor networks". Struct. Control Health Monit., doi:10.1002/stc.1782.
  16. Lynch, J.P. (2007), "An overview of wireless structural health monitoring for civil structures". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 365(1851), 345-372. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1932
  17. Lynch, J.P. and Loh, K.J. (2006), "A summary review of wireless sensors and sensor networks for structural health monitoring", Shock Vib. Dig., 38(2), 91-128. https://doi.org/10.1177/0583102406061499
  18. Magalhaes, F. and Cunha, A. (2011), "Explaining operational modal analysis with data from an arch bridge", Mech. Syst. Signal Pr., 25(5), 1431-1450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2010.08.001
  19. Maroti, M., Kusy, B., Simon, G. andLedeczi, A. (2004), "The flooding time synchronization protocol". In SenSys'4 - Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.
  20. Mukhopadhyay, S., Lus, H., Hong, A.L. and Betti, R. (2012), "Propagation of mode shape errors in structural identification", J. Sound Vib., 331(17), 3961-3975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2012.04.012
  21. Nagayama, T. and Spencer, B.F. Jr. (2007), Structural Health Monitoring Using Smart Sensors (Vol. Report Ser). Urbana, IL: Newmark Structural Engineering Laboratory.
  22. Nagayama, T., Sim, S.H., Miyamori, Y. and Spencer, B.F. Jr. (2007), "Issues in structural health monitoring employing smart sensors", Smart Struct. Syst., 3(3), 299-329. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2007.3.3.299
  23. Park, J.H., Kim, J.T. and Yi, J.H. (2011), "Output-only modal identification approach for time-unsynchronized signals from decentralized wireless sensor network for linear structural systems", Smart Struct. Syst., 7(1), 59-82. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2011.7.1.059
  24. Peeters, B. and De Roeck, G. (1999), "Reference-based stochastic subspace identification for output-only modal analysis", Mech. Syst. Signal Pr., 13(6), 855-878. https://doi.org/10.1006/mssp.1999.1249
  25. Peeters, B. and De Roeck, G. (2001), "Stochastic system identification for operational modal analysis: A review", J. Dynam. Syst. Measurement Control, 123(4), 659. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1410370
  26. Peeters, B., Van der Auweraer, H., Guillaume, P. and Leuridan, J. (2004), "The PolyMAX frequency-domain method: A new standard for modal parameter estimation?", J. Shock Vib., 11(3-4), 395-409. https://doi.org/10.1155/2004/523692
  27. Shen, W., Lei, Y., Hu, L. and Wang, Y. (2012), "Feasibility of output-only modal identification using wireless sensor network: A quantitative field experimental study", Int. J. Distrib. Sens. N., 2012, 1-17.
  28. Sundararaman, B., Buy, U. and Kshemkalyani, A.D. (2005), "Clock synchronization for wireless sensor networks: A survey", Ad Hoc Networks, 3(3), 281-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2005.01.002
  29. Wang, Y., Swartz, R.A., Lynch, J.P., Law, K.H., Lu, K.C. and Loh, C.H. (2007), "Decentralized civil structural control using real-time wireless sensing and embedded computing". Smart Struct. Syst., 3(3), 321-340. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2007.3.3.321
  30. Welch, P.D. (1967). "The use of fast fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms", IEEE T. Audios and Electroacoustics, AU-15, 70-76.
  31. Yan, G. and Dyke, S.J. (2010), "Structural damage detection robust against time synchronization errors", Smart Mater. Struct., 19(6), 065001. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/19/6/065001