DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Concrete pavement monitoring with PPP-BOTDA distributed strain and crack sensors

  • Bao, Yi (Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Tang, Fujian (Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Chen, Yizheng (Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Meng, Weina (Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Huang, Ying (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University) ;
  • Chen, Genda (Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology)
  • 투고 : 2016.04.25
  • 심사 : 2016.07.12
  • 발행 : 2016.09.25

초록

In this study, the feasibility of using telecommunication single-mode optical fiber (SMF) as a distributed fiber optic strain and crack sensor was evaluated in concrete pavement monitoring. Tensile tests on various sensors indicated that the $SMF-28e^+$ fiber revealed linear elastic behavior to rupture at approximately 26 N load and 2.6% strain. Six full-scale concrete panels were prepared and tested under truck and three-point loads to quantify the performance of sensors with pulse pre-pump Brillouin optical time domain analysis (PPP-BOTDA). The sensors were protected by precast mortar from brutal action during concrete casting. Once air-cured for 2 hours after initial setting, half a mortar cylinder of 12 mm in diameter ensured that the protected sensors remained functional during and after concrete casting. The strains measured from PPP-BOTDA with a sensitivity coefficient of $5.43{\times}10^{-5}GHz/{\mu}{\varepsilon}$ were validated locally by commercial fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. Unlike the point FBG sensors, the distributed PPP-BOTDA sensors can be utilized to effectively locate multiple cracks. Depending on their layout, the distributed sensors can provide one- or two-dimensional strain fields in pavement panels. The width of both micro and major cracks can be linearly related to the peak strain directly measured with the distributed fiber optic sensor.

키워드

과제정보

연구 과제 주관 기관 : Department of Transportation

참고문헌

  1. Alavi, A.H., Hasni, H., Lajnef, N., Chatti, K. and Faridazar, F. (2016), "Continuous health monitoring of pavement systems using smart sensing technology", Constr. Build. Mater., 114, 719-736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.128
  2. ASTM C136 2006: Standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates.
  3. ASTM C403/C403M 2008: Standard test method for time of setting of concrete mixtures by penetration resistance.
  4. Azenha, M., Faria, R. and Ferreira, D. (2009), "Identification of early-age concrete temperatures and strains:monitoring and numerical simulation", Cement. Concrete. Comp., 31(6), 369-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.03.004
  5. Bao, X. and Chen, L. (2012), "Recent progress in distributed fiber optic sensors", Sens., 12, 8601-8639. https://doi.org/10.3390/s120708601
  6. Bao, Y. and Chen, G. (2016a), "Temperature-dependent strain and temperature sensitivities of fused silica single mode fiber sensors with pulse pre-pump Brillouin optical time domain analysis", Meas. Sci. Technol., 27(6), 065101. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/27/6/065101
  7. Bao, Y. and Chen, G. (2016b), "High-temperature measurement with Brillouin optical time domain analysis of an annealed fused-silica single-mode fiber", Opt. Lett., 41(14), 3177-3180. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.41.003177
  8. Bao, Y., Meng, W., Chen, Y., Chen, G. and Khayat, H.K. (2015), "Measuring mortar shrinkage and cracking by pulse pre-pump Brillouin optical time domain analysis with a single optical fiber", Mater. Lett., 145, 344-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.01.140
  9. Burnham, T. (2013), Thin concrete pavements and overlays - ongoing MnROAD research, 2013 NCC Spring Meeting, Philadelphia, PA. CP Tech Center.
  10. Ceylan, H., Gopalakrishnan, K., Taylor, P., Shrotriya, P., Kim, S., Prokudin, M.M., Wang, S., Buss, A.F. and Zhang, J. (2011), "A feasibility study on embedded micro-electromechanical sensors and systems (MEMS) for monitoring highway structures", Technical Report IHRB Project TR-575, National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Ames, IA.
  11. Chen, G., Sun, S.S., Pommerenke, D., Drewniak, J.L., Greene, G.G., McDaniel, R.D., Belarbi, A. and Mu, H.M. (2005), "Crack detection of a full-scale reinforced concrete girder with a distributed cable sensor", Smart Mater. Struct., 14(3), 88-97. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/14/3/011
  12. Deif, A., Martin-Perez, B., Cousin, B., Zhang, C., Bao, X. and Li, W. (2010), "Detection of cracks in a reinforced concrete beam using distributed brillouin fibre sensors", Smart Mater. Struct., 19(5), 1-7.
  13. Feng, X., Zhou, J., Sun, C., Zhang, X. and Ansari, F. (2013), "Theoretical and experimental investigations into crack detection with BOTDR-distributed fiber optic sensors", J. Eng. Mech. - ASCE, 139(12), 1797-1807. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000622
  14. Glisic, B. and Inaudi, D. (2011), "Development of method for in-service crack detection based on distributed fiber optic sensors", Struct. Health. Monit., 11(2), 161-171.
  15. Hoult, N.A., Ekim, O. and Regier, R. (2014), "Damage/deterioration detection for steel structures using distributed fiber optic strain sensors", J. Eng. Mech. - ASCE, 140(12), 04014097. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000812
  16. Kishida, K., Li, C.H. and Nishiguchi, K. (2005), "Pulse pre-pump method for cm-order spatial resolution of BOTDA", Proceedings of the SPIE 5855 (17th Int. Conf. on Optical Fiber Sensors), Bruges, Belgium, May.
  17. Kouzmina, I., Chien, C.K., Bell, P. and Fewkes, E. (2010), Corning CPC Protective Coating - An overview, Report No. WP3703, Corning Inc, USA.
  18. Lajnef, N., Chatti K., Chakrabartty S., Rhimi M. and Sarkar P. (2013), "Smart pavement monitoring system", Report: FHWA-HRT-12-072, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Washington, DC.
  19. Leung. C., Elvin, N., Olson, N., Morse, T.F. and He, Y.F. (2000), "A novel distributed optical crack sensor for concrete structures", J. Eng. Fract. Mech., 65(2-3), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(99)00112-5
  20. Li, Q., Li, G. and Wang, G. (2003), "Elasto-plastic bond mechanics of embedded fiber optic sensors in concrete under uniaxial tension with strain localization", Smart Mater. Struct., 12(6), 851-858. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/12/6/001
  21. Liao, M. (2011), "Towards fracture mechanics-based design of unbonded concrete overlay pavements", PhD Dissertation, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.
  22. Lu, S. and Xie, H. (2007), "Strengthen and real-time monitoring of RC beam using „intelligent‟ CFRP with embedded FBG sensors", Constr. Build. Mater., 21(9), 1839-1845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.05.062
  23. NCPTC (2007), Guideline to concrete overlay solutions, ACPA Publication TB021P, Washington DC:National Concrete Pavement Technology Center.
  24. Raoufi, K. (2010), "Restrained shrinkage cracking of concrete: the influence of damage localization", PhD Dissertation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.
  25. Stephen, J.M. (2012), "Fiber Bragg grating sensors for harsh environments", Sens., 12(2), 1898-918. https://doi.org/10.3390/s120201898
  26. Tang, F., Bao, Y., Chen, Y., Tang, Y. and Chen, G. (2016), "Impact and corrosion resistances of duplex epoxy/enamel coated plates", Constr. Build. Mater., 112, 7-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.170
  27. USDOT (2014), National Transportation Statistics, Table 1-4: Public road and street mileage in the united states by type of surface, United States Department of Transportation, http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html (accessed 15 December 2014).
  28. Wu, Z., Xu, B., Takahashic, T. and Haradaa, T. (2008), "Performance of a BOTDR optical fibre sensing technique for crack detection in concrete structures", Struct. Infrastruct. Eng., 4(4), 311-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732470600899346
  29. Xu, D., Banerjee, S., Wang, Y., Huang, S. and Cheng, X. (2015), "Temperature and loading effects of embedded smart piezoelectric sensor for health monitoring of concrete structures", Constr. Build. Mater., 76, 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.067
  30. Zhang, Z., Huang, Y., Palek, L. and Strommen, R. (2014), "Glass fiber reinforced polymer packaged fiber Bragg grating sensors for ultra-thin unbonded concrete overlay monitoring", Struct. Health. Monit., 14(1), 110-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921714554143
  31. Zhao, Y. and Ansari, F. (2001), "Quasi-distributed fiber-optic strain sensor: principle and experiment", Appl. Optics., 40(19), 3176-3181. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.40.003176

피인용 문헌

  1. Rayleigh backscattering based macrobending single mode fiber for distributed refractive index sensing vol.248, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.04.014
  2. A Sweep Velocity-Controlled VCSEL Pulse Laser to Interrogate Sub-THz-Range Fiber Sensors vol.29, pp.17, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2017.2730820
  3. Priority design parameters of industrialized optical fiber sensors in civil engineering vol.100, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.09.035
  4. Distributed fiber optic sensor-enhanced detection and prediction of shrinkage-induced delamination of ultra-high-performance concrete overlay vol.26, pp.8, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aa71f4
  5. Temperature measurement and damage detection in concrete beams exposed to fire using PPP-BOTDA based fiber optic sensors vol.26, pp.10, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aa89a9
  6. Time-Varying Identification Model for Crack Monitoring Data from Concrete Dams Based on Support Vector Regression and the Bayesian Framework vol.2017, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5450297
  7. Embedded Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors in Reinforced Concrete Structures—A Case Study vol.18, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/s18040980
  8. Feasibility of Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor for Corrosion Monitoring of Steel Bars in Reinforced Concrete vol.18, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113722
  9. Stress Distributions in Girder-Arch-Pier Connections of Long-Span Continuous Rigid Frame Arch Railway Bridges vol.23, pp.7, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001250
  10. On-line temperature measurement using single-ended distributed cascading fiber Bragg gratings-based Brillouin optical fiber sensor vol.30, pp.3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aafd87
  11. A constrained cylinder model of strain transfer for packaged fiber Bragg grating sensors embedded in inelastic medium pp.15452255, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2335
  12. Crack detection study for hydraulic concrete using PPP-BOTDA vol.20, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2017.20.1.075
  13. Operation load estimation of chain-like structures using fiber optic strain sensors vol.20, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2017.20.3.385
  14. Portland cement structure and its major oxides and fineness vol.22, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.4.425
  15. Behavior of steel storage pallet racking connection - A review vol.30, pp.5, 2019, https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.30.5.457
  16. In-situ monitoring of corrosion-induced expansion and mass loss of steel bar in steel fiber reinforced concrete using a distributed fiber optic sensor vol.165, pp.None, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.02.051
  17. Crack diagnosis method for a cantilevered beam structure based on modal parameters vol.31, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ab5480
  18. Internal crack detection in concrete pavement using discrete strain sensors vol.10, pp.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-020-00388-2
  19. Reference-Free Dynamic Distributed Monitoring of Damage in Multispan Bridges vol.147, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002858
  20. Measurement of cable forces for automated monitoring of engineering structures using fiber optic sensors: A review vol.126, pp.None, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103687
  21. On the Use of Embedded Fiber Optic Sensors for Measuring Early-Age Strains in Concrete vol.21, pp.12, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124171
  22. Distributed optical fibre sensor for infrastructure monitoring: Field applications vol.64, pp.None, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2021.102577
  23. Inverse analysis of strain distributions sensed by distributed fiber optic sensors subject to strain transfer vol.166, pp.None, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2021.108474