Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry (대한소아치과학회지)

Korean Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (대한소아치과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Neutral Electrolyzed Water for Prevention of Dental Caries

기존 구강청결제를 대체할 수 있는 치아우식 예방을 위한 전기분해수

  • Lee, Kyam (Department of Physics, College of Natural Science, Dankook University)
  • 이기암 (단국대학교 자연과학대학 물리학과)
  • Received : 2016.07.19
  • Accepted : 2016.08.03
  • Published : 2016.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Gargle solution has typically been used for the prevention of oral infectious disease such as dental caries and periodontitis. However, the use of most gargle solutions is controversial in application for children because some gargle solutions have harmful side effects. Electrolyzed water is generated by passed an electric current and has antimicrobial activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the efficacy of electrolyzed water in various conditions for eliminating cariogenic bacteria. Electrolyzed water was generated by a platinum electrode in the presence of sodium chloride at various concentrations. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus were cultivated into a brain heart infusion broth. After harvesting planktonic bacteria, the pellets were treated with the electrolyzed water and commercial gargle solutions and plated on a mitis-salivarius agar plate. Also, the anti-biofilm activity of the electrolyzed water and commercial gargle solutions was investigated after biofilm formation of S. mutans and S. sobrinus. The bacteria in the biofilm were plated onto a mitis-salivarius agar plate. The plates were incubated, and the colony forming unit was measured. The electrolyzed water containing sodium chloride showed significant antibacterial activity against S. mutans and S. sobrinus as well as some gargle solutions. Furthermore, the electrolyzed water had more disruptive effect on the biofilm of S. mutans and S. sobrinus and killed more bacteria in the biofilm than commercial gargle solutions. The results demonstrate that electrolyzed water may be a useful gargle solution for prevention of dental caries.

치아우식은 Streptococcus mutans와 S. sobrinus가 주요 원인균이며, 이를 예방하기 위해서 구강 청결제를 사용한다. 그러나 구강청결제의 부작용 및 해로움으로 인하여 소아에게 권장하기에 주위를 요한다. 전기 분해수는 물을 전극을 통해서 전류를 흘려주어 생성되는 용액으로 항균력을 갖는다. 본 연구에서는 전기 분해수를 구강 청결제 대용으로 사용하기 위해서 치아 우식원성 세균 및 바이오 필름에 대한 항균력을 조사하였다. 염화나트륨이 포함된 증류수를 백금전극을 이용하여 전기 분해수를 생성하였다. 전기분해 수소수의 물리화학적 성분을 분석하고 S. mutans 및 S. sobrinus 배양액을 원심분리하여 세균을 얻고 전기 분해수, 알코올 및 불소가 포함된 구강 청결제를 처리하고 살아있는 세균 수를 배양을 통해서 조사하였다. 또한 치아우식균의 바이오 필름을 형성시킨 후, 전기 분해수 및 구강 청결제를 처리하여 바이오 필름 제거능을 크리스탈 바이올렛 염색을 이용하여 분석하고, 바이오 필름 내 살아있는 세균수의 양은 배양을 통하여 분석하였다. 전기분해수는 높은 농도의 자유염소 (free chlorine)을 포함하고 중성 페하를 보였다. 전기 분해수는 유의하게 S. mutans 및 S. sobrinus에 대해서 항균력을 보였으며, 이 세균들의 바이오 필름 제거능 및 바이오 필름 내 세균에 대해서도 항균력을 보였다. 전기 분해수는 부유세균에 대해서 알코올이 포함된 구강청결제보다 약한 항균력을 보였지만, 바이오 필름 세균에 대해서는 더 강한 항균력을 나타냈다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 중성 전기 분해수는 치아우식 예방을 위한 기존 구강 청결제의 대체 용액으로 사용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Loesche WJ : Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay. Microbiol Rev, 50:353-380. 1986
  2. Pandit S, Chang KW, Jeon JG : Effects of Withania somnifera on the growth and virulence properties of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus at sub-MIC levels. Anaerobe, 19:1-8, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.10.007
  3. Lee SH, Choi BK, Kim YJ : The cariogenic characters of xylitol-resistant and xylitol-sensitive Streptococcus mutans in biofilm formation with salivary bacteria. Arch Oral Biol, 57:697-703, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.12.001
  4. Neves PA, Ribeiro CC, Cury JA, et al. : Breastfeeding, Dental Biofilm Acidogenicity, and Early Childhood Caries. Caries Res, 50:319-324, 2016 https://doi.org/10.1159/000445910
  5. Savas S, Kucukyilmaz E, Celik EU, Ates M : Effects of different antibacterial agents on enamel in a biofilm caries model. J Oral Sci, 57:367-372, 2015 https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.57.367
  6. Monchois V, Willemot RM, Monsan P : Glucansucrases: mechanism of action and structurefunction relationships. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 23:131-151, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1999.tb00394.x
  7. Baker K : Mouthrinses in the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease. Curr Opin Periodontol, 1:89-96, 1993
  8. Rapani E : Mouthrinses in the prevention of dental caries. Riv Odontostomatol Implantoprotesi, 92:89-90, 1985
  9. Reidy JT, McHugh EE, Stassen LF : A review of the role of alcohol in the pathogenesis of oral cancer and the link between alcohol-containing mouthrinses and oral cancer. J Ir Dent Assoc, 57:200-202, 2011
  10. McCullough MJ, Farah CS : The role of alcohol in oral carcinogenesis with particular reference to alco hol-containing mouthwashes. Aust Dent J, 53:302-305, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2008.00070.x
  11. Chevalier M, Sakarovitch C, Precheur I, Lamure J, Pouyssegur-Rougier V : Antiseptic mouthwashes could worsen xerostomia in patients taking polypharmacy. Acta Odontol Scand, 73:267-273, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016357.2014.923108
  12. Hricova D, Stephan R, Zweifel C : Electrolyzed water and its application in the food industry. J Food Prot, 71:1934-1947, 2008. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-71.9.1934
  13. Prado-Silva L, Cadavez V, Gonzales-Barron U, Rezende AC, Sant'Ana AS : Meta-analysis of the effects of sanitizing treatments on Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes inactivation in fresh produce. Appl Environ Microbiol, 81:8008-8021, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02216-15
  14. Boyce JM : Modern technologies for improving cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces in hospitals. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 5:1-10, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-015-0100-5
  15. Nagamatsu Y, Chen KK, Nagamatsu H, Kozono Y, Shimizu H : Application of neutral electrolyzed water to disinfection of alginate impression. Dent Mater J, 35:270-277, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2015-132
  16. Horiba N, Hiratsuka K, Nakamura H, et al. : Bactericidal effect of electrolyzed neutral water on bacteria isolated from infected root canals. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 87:83-87, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1079-2104(99)70300-8
  17. Kato S, Saitoh Y, Iwai K, Miwa N : Hydrogen-rich electrolyzed warm water represses wrinkle formation against UVA ray together with type-I collagen production and oxidative-stress diminishment in fibroblasts and cell-injury prevention in keratinocytes. J Photochem Photobiol B, 106:24-33, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.09.006
  18. Ye J, Li Y, shirahata S, et al. : Inhibitory effect of electrolyzed reduced water on tumor angiogenesis. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, 31:19-26, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.31.19
  19. Lee SH, Choi BK : Antibacterial effect of electrolyzed water on oral bacteria. J Microbiol, 44:417-422, 2006.
  20. Moberg L, Karlberg B : An improved N,N'-diethylp- phenylenediamine (DPD) method for the determination of free chlorine based on multiple wavelength detection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 407:127-134, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00780-1
  21. Lee SH, Kim YJ : A comparative study of the effect of probiotics on cariogenic biofilm model for preventing dental caries. Arch Microbiol, 196:601-609, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-014-0998-7
  22. Beighton, D., et al., Associations between salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, lactobacilli, and caries experience in Kenyan adolescents. J Dent Res, 68:1242-1246, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345890680080601
  23. Miranzadeh S, Adib-Hajbaghery M, Soleymanpoor L, Ehsani M : A New mouthwash for Chemotherapy Induced Stomatitis. Nurs Midwifery Stud, 3:e20249, 2014.
  24. Potting CM, Uitterhoeve R, Op Reimer WS, Van Achterberg T : The effectiveness of commonly used mouthwashes for the prevention of chemotherapyinduced oral mucositis: a systematic review. Eur J Cancer Care, 15:431-439, 2006.
  25. Cho M, Kim J, Kim JY, Yoon J, Kim JH : Mechanisms of Escherichia coli inactivation by several disinfectants. Water Res, 44:3410-3418, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.03.017
  26. Choi EJ, Lee SH, Kim YJ : Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in dental plaque samples and its association with early childhood caries. Int J Paediatr Dent, 19:141-147, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-263X.2008.00942.x
  27. Kreth J, Zhu L, Merritt J, Shi W, Qi F : Role of sucrose in the fitness of Streptococcus mutans. Oral Microbiol Immunol, 23:213-219, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302X.2007.00413.x