Earthquakes and Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Observational failure analysis of precast buildings after the 2012 Emilia earthquakes

  • Minghini, Fabio (Engineering Department - ENDIF, University of Ferrara) ;
  • Ongaretto, Elena (Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering - DICAM, University of Bologna) ;
  • Ligabue, Veronica (Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering - DICAM, University of Bologna) ;
  • Savoia, Marco (Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering - DICAM, University of Bologna) ;
  • Tullini, Nerio (Engineering Department - ENDIF, University of Ferrara)
  • Received : 2015.10.03
  • Accepted : 2016.07.28
  • Published : 2016.08.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The 2012 Emilia (Italy) earthquakes struck a highly industrialized area including several thousands of industrial prefabricated buildings. Due to the lack of specific design and detailing for earthquake resistance, precast reinforced concrete (RC) buildings suffered from severe damages and even partial or total collapses in many cases. The present study reports a data inventory of damages from field survey on prefabricated buildings. The damage database concerns more than 1400 buildings (about 30% of the total precast building stock in the struck region). Making use of the available shakemaps of the two mainshocks, damage distributions were related with distance from the nearest epicentre and corresponding Pseudo-Spectral Acceleration for a period of 1 second (PSA at 1 s) or Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). It was found that about 90% of the severely damaged to collapsed buildings included into the database stay within 16 km from the epicentre and experienced a PSA larger than 0.12 g. Moreover, 90% of slightly to moderately damaged buildings are located at less than 25 km from the epicentre and were affected by a PSA larger than 0.06 g. Nevertheless, the undamaged buildings examined are almost uniformly distributed over the struck region and 10% of them suffered a PSA not lower than 0.19g. The damage distributions in terms of the maximum experienced PGA show a sudden increase for $PGA{\geq}0.28g$. In this PGA interval, 442 buildings were collected in the database; 55% of them suffered severe damages up to collapse, 32% reported slight to moderate damages, whereas the remaining 13% resulted undamaged.

Keywords

References

  1. Baggio, C., Bernardini, A., Colozza, R., Corazza, L., Della Bella, M., Di Pasquale, G., Dolce, M., Goretti, A., Martinelli, A., Orsini, G., Papa, F. and Zuccaro, G. (2007), Field Survey for Post-Earthquake Damage and Safety Assessment and Short Term Countermeasures (AeDES) (Pinto, A.V., and Taucer, F., Eds.), EUR 22868 EN, ISSN 1018-5593, Joint Research Centre, Institute for the Protection and Security of Citizen.
  2. Belleri, A., Torquati, M., Riva, P. and Nascimbene, R. (2015), "Vulnerability assessment and retrofit solutions of precast industrial structures", Earthq. Struct., 8(3), 801-820. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.8.3.801
  3. Biondini, F., Dal Lago, B. and Toniolo G. (2013), "Role of wall panel connections on the seismic performance of precast structures", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 11(4), 1061-1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-012-9418-z
  4. Bournas, D.A., Negro, P. and Taucer, F. (2014), "Performance of industrial buildings during the Emilia earthquakes in Northern Italy and recommendations for their strengthening", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 12(5), 2383-2404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9466-z
  5. Braga, F., Gigliotti, R., Monti, G., Morelli, F., Nuti, C., Salvatore, W. and Vanzi, I. (2014), "Speedup of post earthquake community recovery: the case of precast industrial buildings after the Emilia 2012 earthquake", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 12(5), 2405-2418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9583-3
  6. Braga, F., Gigliotti, R., Monti, G., Morelli, F., Nuti, C., Salvatore, W. and Vanzi, I. (2015), "Post-seismic assessment of existing constructions: evaluation of the shakemaps for identifying exclusion zones in Emilia", Earthq. Struct., 8(1), 37-56. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.8.1.037
  7. Casotto, C., Silva, V., Crowley, H., Nascimbene, R. and Pinho R. (2015), "Seismic fragility of Italian RC precast industrial structures", Eng. Struct., 94, 122-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.02.034
  8. CEN (2004), European Committee for Standardization, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures, Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings, EN1992-1-1:2004, Brussels.
  9. China Earthquake Field Investigation Report (2008), Sichuan, China M8 Earthquake, Global Risk Miyamoto, May.
  10. Cultrera, G., Faenza, L., Meletti, C., D'Amico, V., Michelini, A. and Amato, A. (2014), "Shakemaps uncertainties and their effects in the post-seismic actions for the 2012 Emilia (Italy) earthquakes", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 12(5), 2147-2164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9577-6
  11. Dolce, M. and Di Bucci, D. (2014), "National Civil Protection organization and technical activities in the 2012 Emilia earthquakes (Italy)", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 12(5), 2231-2253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9597-x
  12. Emilia-Romagna Regional Decree No. 57/2012 (2012), http://www.regione.emilia-romagna.it/terremoto/gliatti-per-la-ricostruzione?b_start:int=0.
  13. Emilia-Romagna Regional Decree No. 91/2013 (2013), http://www.regione.emilia-romagna.it/terremoto/gliatti-per-la-ricostruzione/2013/ordinanza-n-91-del-29-luglio-2013/view.
  14. EMS-98 (1998), European Macroseismic Scale, Cahiers du Centre Europeen de Geodynamique et de Seismologie (Grunthal, G., Ed.), 15, Luxemburg.
  15. FEMA 356 (2000), Federal Emergency Management Agency, Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, Washington, D.C.
  16. Hadjian, A.H. (1993), "The Spitak, Armenia earthquake of 7 December 1988-why so much destruction", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 12(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0267-7261(93)90053-T
  17. INGV (2012), Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology. ShakeMap Home Page, http://shakemap.rm.ingv.it/shake/index.html.
  18. Italian Building Code (2008), D.M. 14/01/2008, Rome.
  19. Kafle, B., Lam, N.T.K., Lumantarna, E., Gad, E.F. and Wilson, J.L. (2015), "Overturning of precast RC columns in conditions of moderate ground shaking", Earthq. Struct., 8(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.8.1.001
  20. Korkmaz, K. and Karahan, A. (2011), "Investigation of seismic behavior and infill wall effects for prefabricated industrial buildings in Turkey", J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 25(3), 158-171. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000148
  21. Legislative Decree No. 74/2012 (2012), Italian Parliament, http://www.cgm3esse.com/normativa/terremotoemilia/testi-integrali.
  22. Liberatore, L., Sorrentino, L., Liberatore, D. and Decanini, L.D. (2013), "Failure of industrial structures induced by the Emilia (Italy) 2012 earthquakes", Eng. Fail. Anal., 34, 629-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.02.009
  23. Marshall, J.D. and Gould, N.C. (2012), "The performance of low-rise industrial facilities in the 2010 Haiti and 2011 Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquakes", Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal.
  24. Michelini, A., Faenza, L., Lauciani, V. and Malagnini, L. (2008), "ShakeMap implementation in Italy", Seismol. Res. Lett., 79(5), 689-698.
  25. Miyamoto, H.K., Gilani, A.S. and Wada, A. (2008), "Reconnaissance report of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, damage survey of buildings and retrofit options", Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China.
  26. Ozden, S., Akpinar, E., Erdogan, H. and Atalay, H.M. (2014), "Performance of precast concrete structures in October 2011 Van earthquake, Turkey", Magaz. Concrete Res., 66(11), 543-552. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.13.00097
  27. Saatcioglu, M., Mitchell, D., Tinawi, R., Gardner, N.J., Gillies, A.G., Ghobarah, A., Anderson, D.L. and Lau, D. (2001), "The August 17, 1999, Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake-damage to structures", Can. J. Civ. Eng., 28(4), 715-737. https://doi.org/10.1139/l01-043
  28. Savoia, M., Mazzotti, C., Buratti, N., Ferracuti, B., Bovo, M., Ligabue, V. and Vincenzi, L. (2012), "Damages and collapses in industrial precast buildings after the Emilia earthquake", Ingegneria Sismica: Int. J. Earthq. Eng., 29(2-3), 120-131.
  29. Sezen, H. and Whittaker, A.S. (2006), "Seismic performance of industrial facilities affected by the 1999 Turkey earthquake", J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 20(1), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2006)20:1(28)
  30. Tassios, T. and Vintzēleou, E. (1987), "Concrete-to-concrete friction", J. Struct. Eng., 113(4), 832-849. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1987)113:4(832)
  31. Toniolo, G. and Colombo, A. (2012), "Precast concrete structures: The lessons learned from the L'Aquila earthquake", Struct0 Concrete, 13(2), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201100052
  32. Wald, D.J., Worden, C.B., Quitoriano, V. and Pankow, K.L. (2006), ShakeMap Manual, Technical Manual, User's Guide, and Software Guide, http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/12A01/pdf/508TM12-A1.pdf.
  33. Yanev, P. (1989), "Performance of industrial facilities", Earthq. Spectra, 5(3), 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585238
  34. Yuksel, E. and Surmeli, M. (2010), "Failure analysis of one-story precast structures for near-fault and farfault strong ground motions", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 8(4), 937-953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-009-9164-z

Cited by

  1. Empirical seismic fragility for the precast RC industrial buildings damaged by the 2012 Emilia (Italy) earthquakes vol.46, pp.14, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2906
  2. Evaluation of out-of-plane seismic performance of column-to-column precast concrete cladding panels in one-storey industrial buildings vol.47, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2956
  3. The Influence of Overhead Cranes in the Seismic Performance of Industrial Buildings vol.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2017.00064
  4. Numerical Simulation of Seismic-Induced Failure of a Precast Structure during the Emilia Earthquake vol.32, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001086
  5. Grouted sleeve connections used in precast reinforced concrete construction – Experimental investigation of a column-to-column joint vol.127, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.09.021
  6. Sliding channel cladding connections for precast structures subjected to earthquake action vol.16, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0410-0
  7. Displacement-Based Seismic Assessment for Precast Concrete Frames with Non-Emulative Connections pp.1559-808X, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1475311
  8. Official data on the economic consequences of the 2012 Emilia-Romagna earthquake: a first analysis of database SFINGE vol.17, pp.9, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00655-8
  9. Empirical Data about Direct Economic Consequences of Emilia-Romagna 2012 Earthquake on Long-Span-Beam Buildings vol.35, pp.4, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1193/100118eqs224dp
  10. Seismic performance of RC precast industrial buildings-learning with the past earthquakes vol.4, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-018-0191-y
  11. Characteristic equation solution of nonuniform soil deposit: An energy-based mode perturbation method vol.19, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.19.5.463
  12. Empirical fragility functions and loss curves for Italian business facilities based on the 2012 Emilia-Romagna earthquake official database vol.18, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00759-1
  13. Cyclic test on a precast reinforced concrete column-to-foundation grouted duct connection vol.18, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00766-2
  14. Displacement-Based Simplified Seismic Loss Assessment of Italian Precast Buildings vol.24, pp.suppl1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2020.1724215
  15. Seismic Retrofitting Solutions for Precast RC Industrial Buildings Struck by the 2012 Earthquakes in Northern Italy vol.7, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2021.631315
  16. Crescent-Moon Beam-To-Column Connection for Precast Industrial Buildings vol.7, pp.None, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2021.645497