Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics (한국운동역학회지)

Korean Society of Applied Biomechanics (한국운동역학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Relationship between Attenuation of Impact Shock at High Frequency and Flexion-Extension of the Lower Extremity Joints during Downhill Running

  • Ryu, Ji-Seon (Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Lifetime Sport of Korea National Sport University) ;
  • Yoon, Suk-Hoon (Department of Community Sports, College of Lifetime Sport of Korea National Sport University) ;
  • Park, Sang-Kyoon (Department of Physical Education, College of Sport Science of Korea National Sport University)
  • Received : 2016.04.20
  • Accepted : 2016.06.10
  • Published : 2016.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the interrelationship between ranges of motion of the knee and ankle joints on the sagittal plane and the attenuation magnitude of impact shock at high frequency (9~20 Hz) in the support phase during downhill running. Method: Fifteen male heel-toe runners with no history of lower extremity injuries were recruited for this study (age, $25.07{\pm}5.35years$; height, $175.4{\pm}4.6cm$; mass, $75.8{\pm}.70kg$). Two uniaxial accelerometers were mounted to the tuberosity of tibia and sacrum, respectively, to measure acceleration signals. The participants were asked to run at their preferred running speed on a treadmill set at $0^{\circ}$, $7^{\circ}$, and $15^{\circ}$ downhill. Six optical cameras were placed around the treadmill to capture the coordinates of the joints of the lower extremities. The power spectrum densities of the two acceleration signals were analyzed and used in the transfer function describing the gain and attenuation of impact shock between the tibia and the sacrum. Angles of the knee and ankle joints on the sagittal plane and their angle ranges were calculated. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test the relationship between two variables, the magnitude of impact shock, and the range of joint angle under three downhill conditions. The alpha level was set at .05. Results: Close correlations were observed between the knee joint range of motion and the attenuation magnitude of impact shock regardless of running slopes (p<.05), and positive correlations were found between the ranges of motion of the knee and ankle joints and the attenuation magnitude of impact shock in $15^{\circ}$ downhill running (p<.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, increased knee flexion might be required to attenuate impact shock during downhill and level running through change in stride or cadence while maintaining stability, and strong and flexible ankle joints are also needed in steeper downhill running.

Keywords

References

  1. Azevedo, L. B., Lambert, M. I., Vaughan, C. L., O'Connor, C. M. & Schwellnus, M. P. (2009). Biomechanical variables associated with Achilles tendinopathy in runners. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(4), 288-292. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.053421
  2. Bennell, K., Crossley, K., Jayarajan, J., Walton, E., Warden, S. & Kiss, Z. S. (2004). Ground reaction forces and bone parameters in females with tibial stress fracture. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(3), 397-404. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000117116.90297.E1
  3. Bobbert, M. F., Schamhardt, H. C. & Nigg, B. M. (1991). Calculation of vertical ground reaction force estimates during from positional data. Journal of Biomechanics, 24(12), 1095-1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(91)90002-5
  4. Bredeweg, S. (2011). No relationship between running related injuries and kinetic variables. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(4), 328.
  5. Buczek, F. L. & Cavanagh, P. R. (1990). Stance phase and ankle kinematics and kinetics during level and downhill running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22(5), 669-677. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199010000-00019
  6. Chu, M. L., Yazdani_Ardakani, S., Gradisar, I. A. & Askew, M. J. (1986). An in vivo simulation study of impulsive force transmission along the lower skeletal extremity. Journal of Biomechanics, 19(12), 979-987. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(86)90115-6
  7. Daoud, A., Geissler, G. J., Wang, F., Saretsky, J. & Daoud, Y. A. (2012). Foot strike and injury rates in endurance runners: A retrospective study. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44(7), 1325-1334. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182465115
  8. Denoth, J. (1983). Load on the locomotor system and modeling. In: Biomechanics of Running Shoes, B.M. Nigg (Ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics: 63-116.
  9. Derrick, T. R., Hamill, J. & Caldwell, G. E. (1998). Energy absorption of impacts during running at various stride lengths. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(1), 128-135. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199801000-00018
  10. Dick, R. W. & Cavanagh, P. R. (1987). A comparison of ground reaction forces (GRF) during level and downhill running at similar speeds (Abstract). Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19, S12.
  11. Edwards, W. B., Derrick, T. R. & Hamill, J. (2012). Musculoskeletal attenuation of impact shock in response to knee angle manipulation. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 28(5), 502-510. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.28.5.502
  12. Frederick, E. C. (1986). Kinematically mediated effects of sport shoe design: A review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 4(3), 169-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640418608732116
  13. Frederick, E. C., Clarke, T. E. & Hamill, C. L. (1984). The effect of running shoe design on shock attenuation. In E. C. Frederick (Ed.), Sport shoes and playing surfaces: Their biomechanical properties (pp. 190-198). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  14. Gerritsen, K. G. M., van den Bogert, A. J. & Nigg, B. M. (1995). Direct dynamics simulation of the impact phase in heel-toe running. Journal of Biomechanics, 28(6), 661-668. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(94)00127-P
  15. Gruber, A. H., Boyer, K. A., Derrick, T. R. & Hamill, J. (2014). Impact shock frequency components and attenuation in rearfoot and forefoot running. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 3(2), 113-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2014.03.004
  16. Hamill, C. L., Clarke, T. E., Frederick, E. C., Goodyear, L. J. & Goodyear, E. T. (1984). Effect of grade running on the kinematics and impact force (Abstract). Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 16(2), 184.
  17. Hamill, J., Derrick, T. R. & Holt, K. G. (1995). Shock attenuation and stride frequency during running. Human Movement Science, 14(1), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-9457(95)00004-C
  18. Heiderscheit, B. C., Hamill, J. & Van Emmerik, R. E. A. (2002). Variability of stride characteristics and joint coordination among individuals with unilateral patellofemoral pain. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 18(2), 110-121. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.18.2.110
  19. Hennig, E. M. & Lafortune, M. A. (1991). Relationships between ground reaction force and tibial bone acceleration parameters. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics, 7(3), 303-309. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.7.3.303
  20. Hreljac, A., Marshall, R. N. & Hume, P. A. (2000). Evaluation of lower extremity overuse injury potential in runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(9), 1635-1641.
  21. James, S. L. & Jones, D. C. (1990). Biomechanical aspects of distance running injuries. In Biomechanics of distance Running (Edited by Cavanagh, P. R.), 249-269. Human Kinetics Publishers, Champaign.
  22. Jan, F. & Richard, L. L. (1992). Structural and mechanical basis of exerciseinduced muscle injury. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24(5), 521-530.
  23. Lafortune, M. A., Lake, M. J. & Hennig, E. (1995). Transfer function between tibial acceleration and ground reaction force. Journal of Biomechanics, 28(1), 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(95)80014-X
  24. Lafortune, M. A., Lake, M. J. & Hennig, E. M. (1996). Differential shock transmission response of the human body to impact severity and lower limb posture. Journal of Biomechanics, 29(12), 1531-1537. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(96)80004-2
  25. Lieber, R. L., Thornell, L. A. & Friden, J. (1996). Muscle cytoskeletal disruption occurs within the first 15 min of cyclic eccentric contraction. Journal of Applied Physiology, 80(1), 278-284. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.362816
  26. Mahar, A. T., Derrick, T. R., Hamill, J. & Caldwell, G. E. (1997). Impact shock and attenuation during in-line skating. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(8), 1069-1075. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199708000-00013
  27. McMahon, T. A., Valiant, G. A. & Frederick, E. C. (1987). Groucho running. Journal of Physiology, 62(6), 2326-2337.
  28. Messier, S. P., Davis, S. E., Curl, W. W., Lowery, R. B. & Pack, R. J. (1991). Etiologic factors associated with patellofemoral pain in runners. Medicine Science Sports Exercise, 23(9), 1008-1015.
  29. Milgrom, C. (1989) The israeli elite infantry recruit: a model for understanding the biomechanics of stress fractures. Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 34 Suppl. 6: S18-S21.
  30. Milgrom, C., Finestone, A., Shlamkovitz, N., Wosk J., Laor, A., Voloshine, A. & Eldad, A. (1992). Prevention of overuse injuries of the foot by improved shoe shock attenuation. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 281, 189-192.
  31. Milner, C. E., Ferber, R., Pollard, C. D., Hamill, J. & Davis, I. S. (2006). Biomechanical factors associated with tibial stress fracture in female runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(2), 323-328. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000183477.75808.92
  32. Queen, R. M., Mall, N. A., Nunley, J. A. & Chuckpaiwong, B. (2001). Difference in plantar loading between flat and normal feet during different athletic tasks, Gait & Posture, 29(4), 582-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.12.010
  33. Radin, E. L., Parker, H. G., Pugh, G. V., Steinberg, R. S., Paul, I. L. & Rose, R. M. (1973). Response of joints to impact loading. Journal of Biomechanics, 6(1), 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(73)90037-7
  34. Ryu, J. S. & Yoon, H. J. (2005). A study on the magnitudes of impact force, impact shock, and shock attenuation of the elderly during the running. Korean Journal of Physical Education, 44(2), 327-340.
  35. Ryu, J. S. (2005a). Gender differences in the impact magnitude and its attenuation during running. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 15(1), 91-109. https://doi.org/10.5103/KJSB.2005.15.1.091
  36. Ryu, J. S. (2005b). Impact shock and kinematic characteristics of the lower extremity's joint during downhill running. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 15(4), 117-129. https://doi.org/10.5103/KJSB.2005.15.4.117
  37. Ryu, J. S. & Lim, G. Y. (2015). Impact shock components and attenuation in flat foot running. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 25(3), 283-291. https://doi.org/10.5103/KJSB.2015.25.3.283
  38. Shorten, M. R. & Winslow, D. S. (1992). Spectral analysis of impact shock during running. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics, 8(4), 288-304. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.8.4.288
  39. Smeathers, J. E. (1989). Transient vibrations caused by heel strike. Proceedings Institute Mechanical Engineering, H203(4), 181-186.
  40. Stergiou, N., Giakas, G., Byrne, J. E. & Pomeroy, V. (2002). Frequency domain characteristics of ground reaction forces during walking of young and elderly females. Clinical Biomechanics, 17(8), 615-617. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-0033(02)00072-4
  41. van Gent, R. M., Siem, D., van Middlekoop, M., van Os, A. G., Bierma-Zeinstra, A. M. A. & Koes, B. W. (2007). Incidence and determinants of lower extremity running injuries in long distance runners: a systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(8), 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.033548
  42. Voloshin, A., Mizrahi, J., Verbitsky, O. & Isakov, E. (1998). Dynamic loading on the human musculoskeletal system-effect of fatigue. Clinical Biomechanics, 13(7), 515-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-0033(98)00030-8
  43. Zifchock, R. A., Davis, I. S. & Hamill, J. (2006). Kinetic asymmetry in female runners with and without retrospective tibial stress fractures. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(15), 2792-2797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.10.003