Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention (아시아태평양암예방학회)
권호 표지

Exophytic Verrucous Hyperplasia of the Oral Cavity - Application of Standardized Criteria for Diagnosis from a Consensus Report

  • Zain, Rosnah Binti (Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre & Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya) ;
  • Kallarakkal, Thomas George (Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre & Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya) ;
  • Ramanathan, Anand (Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre & Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya) ;
  • Kim, Jin (Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry) ;
  • Tilakaratne, WM (Centre for Research in Oral Cancer, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya) ;
  • Takata, Takashi (Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University) ;
  • Warnakulasuriya, Saman (Department of Oral Medicine, King's College London, WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer) ;
  • Hazarey, Vinay Kumar (Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Dental College and Hospital) ;
  • Rich, Alison (Department of Oral Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Dental School Health Sciences, University of Otago) ;
  • Hussaini, Haizal Mohd (Department of Oral Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Dental School Health Sciences, University of Otago) ;
  • Jalil, Ajura (Stomatology Unit, Institute for Medical Research)
  • Published : 2016.09.01
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Verruco-papillary lesions (VPLs) of the oral cavity described in the literature involve a spectrum of conditions including squamous papilloma, verruca vulgaris, focal epithelial hyperplasia, condyloma, proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and verrucous carcinoma. A majority of the VPLs are slow growing, benign in nature and have a viral aetiology. Virus associated benign mucosal outgrowths are not too difficult to diagnose either clinically or by microscopy. Apart from virus-associated lesions, VPLs harboring malignant potential or behaviour such as verrucous carcinoma, proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, oral verrucous hyperplasia (OVH), oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) and oral conventional squamous cell carcinoma with papillary features (CSCC) need to be further clarified for better understanding of their predictable biologic behavior and appropriate treatment. Current understanding of potentially malignant VPLs is perplexing and is primarily attributed to the use of confusing and unsatisfactory terminology. In particular, the condition referred to as oral verrucous hyperplasia (OVH) poses a major diagnostic challenge. OVH represents a histopathological entity whose clinical features are not well recognised and is usually clinically indistinguishable from a verrucous carcinoma and a PSCC or a CSCC. A consensus report published by an expert working group from South Asia as an outcome of the 'First Asian Regional Meeting on the Terminology and Criteria for Verruco-papillary Lesions of the Oral Cavity' held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, recognised the clinical description of these OVH as a new entity named 'Exophytic Verrucous Hyperplasia'. Previously described clinical features of OVH such as the 'blunt' or 'sharp' variants; and the 'mass' or 'plaque' variants can now collectively fall under this newly described entity. This paper discusses in detail the application of the standardized criteria guidelines of 'Exophytic Verrucous Hyperplasia' as published by the expert group which will enable clinicians and pathologists to uniformly interpret their pool of OVH cases and facilitate a better understanding of OVH malignant potential.

Keywords

References

  1. Allon D, Kaplan I, Manor R, et al (2002). Carcinoma cuniculatum of the jaw: a rare variant of oral carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 94, 601-8. https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2002.126913
  2. Batsakis JG, Suarez P, El-Naggar AK (1999). Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its related lesions. Oral oncology, 35, 354-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1368-8375(99)00007-X
  3. Brown SM, Freeman RG (1976). Epithelioma cuniculatum. Archives Dermatol, 112, 1295-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1976.01630330057016
  4. Burkhardt A (1986). [Verrucous carcinoma and carcinoma cuniculatum--forms of squamous cell carcinoma?]. Hautarzt, 37, 373-83.
  5. Chen PC-H, Chin-Chen P, Kuo C, et al (2006). Risk of oral nonmalignant lesions associated with human papillomavirus infection, betel quid chewing, and cigarette smoking in Taiwan: an integrated molecular and epidemiologic study. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 130, 57.
  6. Chi AC, Damm DD, Neville BW, et al 2008. Oral and maxillofacial pathology, Elsevier Health Sciences.
  7. Ferlito A, Rinaldo A, Devaney KO, et al (1999). Papillary squamous cell carcinoma versus verrucous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 108, 318-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/000348949910800318
  8. Hansen LS, Olson JA, Silverman S (1985). Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a long-term study of thirty patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 60, 285-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(85)90313-5
  9. Hwang CF, Huang CC, Chien CY, et al (2012). Human papillomavirus infection in oral papillary and verrucous lesions is a prognostic indicator of malignant transformation. Cancer Epidemiol, 36, 122-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2011.10.014
  10. Jacobson J, Van Dis M, Zakrzewska JM, et al (1996). Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a report of ten cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 82, 396-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1079-2104(96)80303-9
  11. Jo VY, Mills SE, Stoler MH, et al (2009). Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: frequent association with human papillomavirus infection and invasive carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol, 33, 1720-4. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181b6d8e6
  12. Kallarakkal TG, Ramanathan A, Zain RB (2013). Verrucous papillary lesions: dilemmas in diagnosis and terminology. International journal of dentistry, 2013.
  13. Klanrit P, Sperandio M, Brown A, et al (2007). DNA ploidy in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. Oral Oncol, 43, 310-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.03.016
  14. Klieb HBE, Raphael SJ (2007). Comparative study of the expression of p53, Ki67, E-cadherin and MMP-1 in verrucous hyperplasia and verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Head Neck Pathol, 1, 118-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-007-0029-y
  15. Koch BB, Trask DK, Hoffman HT, et al (2001). National survey of head and neck verrucous carcinoma. Cancer, 92, 110-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(20010701)92:1<110::AID-CNCR1298>3.0.CO;2-K
  16. Poh CF, Zhang L, Lam WL, et al (2001). A high frequency of allelic loss in oral verrucous lesions may explain malignant risk. Laboratory Investigation, 81, 629-34. https://doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.3780271
  17. Russell JO, Hoschar AP, Scharpf J (2011). Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a clinicopathologic series. Am J Otolaryngol, 32, 557-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2010.09.010
  18. Schrader M, Laberke H (1988). Differential diagnosis of verrucous carcinoma in the oral cavity and larynx. J Laryngol Otol, 102, 700-3. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002221510010619X
  19. Shear M, Pindborg J (1980). Verrucous hyperplasia of the oral mucosa. Cancer, 46, 1855-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19801015)46:8<1855::AID-CNCR2820460825>3.0.CO;2-#
  20. Slootweg PJ, Muller H (1983). Verrucous hyperplasia or verrucous carcinoma: an analysis of 27 patients. J Maxillofacial Surg, 11, 13-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0503(83)80006-X
  21. Suarez PA, Adler-Storthz K, Luna MA, et al (2000). Papillary squamous cell carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract: a clinicopathologic and molecular study. Head Neck, 22, 360-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0347(200007)22:4<360::AID-HED8>3.0.CO;2-W
  22. Thomas GJ, Barrett AW (2009). Papillary and verrucous lesions of the oral mucosa. Diagnostic Histopathol, 15, 279-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpdhp.2009.03.006
  23. Thompson LD, Wenig BM, Heffner DK, et al (1999). Exophytic and papillary squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx: a clinicopathologic series of 104 cases. Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surgery, 120, 718-24. https://doi.org/10.1053/hn.1999.v120.a92773
  24. Wang YP, Chen HM, Kuo RC, et al (2009). Oral verrucous hyperplasia: histologic classification, prognosis, and clinical implications. J Oral Pathol Med, 38, 651-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00790.x
  25. Woo S-B, Grammer RL, Lerman MA (2014). Keratosis of unknown significance and leukoplakia: a preliminary study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 118, 713-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2014.09.016
  26. Yeh CJ (2003). Treatment of verrucous hyperplasia and verrucous carcinoma by shave excision and simple cryosurgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 32, 280-3. https://doi.org/10.1054/ijom.2002.0331
  27. Zain R.B. KTG, Ramanathan A., Kim J., et al (2013). A Consensus report from the first asian regional meeting on the terminology and criteria for verruco-papillary lesions of the oral cavity held In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, December 15-18, 2013. Ann Dentistry University Malaya, 20, 1-3.