DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Clinical Utility of Echocardiography for the Diagnosis and Prognosis in Children with Bronchopulmonary Dsyplasia

  • Choi, Young Earl (Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School) ;
  • Cho, Hwa Jin (Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School) ;
  • Song, Eun Song (Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School) ;
  • Jeong, In Seok (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School) ;
  • Yoon, Namsik (The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School and The Research Institute of Medical Sciences of Chonnam National University) ;
  • Choi, Young Youn (Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School) ;
  • Ma, Jae Sook (Department of Pediatrics, KS Hospital) ;
  • Cho, Young Kuk (Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School)
  • Received : 2016.03.19
  • Accepted : 2016.11.30
  • Published : 2016.12.27

Abstract

Background: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) may result in chronic pulmonary artery hypertension and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. Various echocardiographic assessments of RV dysfunction have been used to determine whether echocardiographic measurements of premature infants with BPD could provide sensitive measures of RV function that correlates with BPD severity. Methods: Twenty-eight control subjects without BPD (non BPD group), 28 patients with mild BPD, 11 patients with moderate BPD, and six patients with severe BPD underwent echocardiograms with standard measurement such as ejection fraction by M-mode, tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient, myocardial performance index (MPI) derived from pulse Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) measurements. BPD severity was classified by the NICHD/NHLBI/ORD workshop rating scale. Twenty-eight control subjects without BPD (non BPD group), 28 patients with mild BPD, 11 patients with moderate BPD, and six patients with severe BPD underwent echocardiograms with standard measurement such as ejection fraction by M-mode, tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient, myocardial performance index (MPI) derived from pulse Doppler, and TDI measurements. BPD severity was classified by the NICHD/NHLBI/ORD workshop rating scale. Results: None of the standard echocardiographic findings was significantly different between the control group and BPD groups. However, mean septal TDI-MPI of the severe BPD group ($0.68{\pm}0.06$) was significantly (p < 0.01) higher than that of the non-BPD ($0.58{\pm}0.10$) or the mild BPD group ($0.59{\pm}0.12$). In addition, mean RV TDI-MPI of the severe BPD group ($0.71{\pm}0.13$) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of the non-BPD group ($0.56{\pm}0.08$) or the mild BPD group ($0.60{\pm}0.125$). Linear regression showed a good correlation between the severity of BPD and RV TDI-MPI (p = 0.01, R = 0.30) or septal TDI-MPI (p = 0.04, R = 0.24). Conclusion: Echocardiographic evaluation of RV function based on an assessment of RV TDI-MPI can provide RV dysfunction parameter in premature infants with BPD.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Chonnam National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)

References

  1. Jobe AH, Bancalari E. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1723-9. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.2011060
  2. Keller RL, Ballard RA. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In: Gleason CA, Devaskar SU, editors. Avery's diseases of the newborn. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2012. p.658-71.
  3. Mourani PM, Mullen M, Abman SH. Pulmonary hypertension in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Prog Pediatr Cardiol 2009;27:43-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppedcard.2009.09.007
  4. Farquhar M, Fitzgerald DA. Pulmonary hypertension in chronic neonatal lung disease. Paediatr Respir Rev 2010;11:149-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2010.05.001
  5. Berkelhamer SK, Mestan KK, Steinhorn RH. Pulmonary hypertension in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin Perinatol 2013;37:124-31. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2013.01.009
  6. McLaughlin VV, Davis M, Cornwell W. Pulmonary arterial hypertension. Curr Probl Cardiol 2011;36:461-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2011.08.002
  7. Park JH, Park MM, Farha S, Sharp J, Lundgrin E, Comhair S, et al. Impaired global right ventricular longitudinal strain predicts long-term adverse outcomes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2015;23:91-9. https://doi.org/10.4250/jcu.2015.23.2.91
  8. Espinola-Zavaleta N, Soto ME, Romero-Gonzalez A, Gomez-Puente Ldel C, Munoz-Castellanos L, Gopal AS, Keirns C, Lupi-Herrera E. Prevalence of congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension in Down's syndrome: an echocardiographic study. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2015;23:72-7. https://doi.org/10.4250/jcu.2015.23.2.72
  9. Mourani PM, Sontag MK, Younoszai A, Ivy DD, Abman SH. Clinical utility of echocardiography for the diagnosis and management of pulmonary vascular disease in young children with chronic lung disease. Pediatrics 2008;121:317-25. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1583
  10. Mourani PM, Ivy DD, Gao D, Abman SH. Pulmonary vascular effects of inhaled nitric oxide and oxygen tension in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:1006-13. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200310-1483OC
  11. Rosenzweig EB, Feinstein JA, Humpl T, Ivy DD. Pulmonary arterial hypertension in children: diagnostic work-up and challenges. Prog Pediatr Cardiol 2009;27:4-11.
  12. Yates AR, Welty SE, Gest AL, Cua CL. Myocardial tissue Doppler changes in patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr 2008;152:766-70, 770.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.11.039
  13. Tei C. New non-invasive index for combined systolic and diastolic ventricular function. J Cardiol 1995;26:135-6.
  14. Tei C, Ling LH, Hodge DO, Bailey KR, Oh JK, Rodeheffer RJ, Tajik AJ, Seward JB. New index of combined systolic and diastolic myocardial performance: a simple and reproducible measure of cardiac function--a study in normals and dilated cardiomyopathy. J Cardiol 1995;26:357-66.
  15. Eidem BW, Tei C, O'Leary PW, Cetta F, Seward JB. Nongeometric quantitative assessment of right and left ventricular function: myocardial performance index in normal children and patients with Ebstein anomaly. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1998;11:849-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0894-7317(98)70004-5
  16. Eto G, Ishii M, Tei C, Tsutsumi T, Akagi T, Kato H. Assessment of global left ventricular function in normal children and in children with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:1058-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0894-7317(99)70102-1
  17. Tsutsumi T, Ishii M, Eto G, Hota M, Kato H. Serial evaluation for myocardial performance in fetuses and neonates using a new Doppler index. Pediatr Int 1999;41:722-7. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-200x.1999.01155.x
  18. Harada K, Tamura M, Toyono M, Oyama K, Takada G. Assessment of global left ventricular function by tissue Doppler imaging. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:927-32, A9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01912-9
  19. Ouss AJ, Riezebos RK. The tissue Doppler imaging derived post-systolic velocity notch originates at the aortic annulus. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2014;22:23-7. https://doi.org/10.4250/jcu.2014.22.1.23
  20. Grignola JC, Gines F, Guzzo D. Comparison of the Tei index with invasive measurements of right ventricular function. Int J Cardiol 2006;113:25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.10.012
  21. Teichholz LE, Kreulen T, Herman MV, Gorlin R. Problems in echocardiographic volume determinations: echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence of absence of asynergy. Am J Cardiol 1976;37:7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(76)90491-4
  22. Ko JH, Eom GH, Cho HJ, Nam KI, Ma JS, Kook H, Cho YK. Right ventricular myocardial performance index is decreased with severe pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy in young rats. Pediatr Cardiol 2013;34:1556-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-013-0678-4
  23. Bland RD. Neonatal chronic lung disease in the post-surfactant era. Biol Neonate 2005;88:181-91. https://doi.org/10.1159/000087581
  24. Kim DH, Kim HS, Choi CW, Kim EK, Kim BI, Choi JH. Risk factors for pulmonary artery hypertension in preterm infants with moderate or severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Neonatology 2012;101:40-6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000327891
  25. An HS, Bae EJ, Kim GB, Kwon BS, Beak JS, Kim EK, Kim HS, Choi JH, Noh CI, Yun YS. Pulmonary hypertension in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Korean Circ J 2010;40:131-6. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2010.40.3.131
  26. Khemani E, McElhinney DB, Rhein L, Andrade O, Lacro RV, Thomas KC, Mullen MP. Pulmonary artery hypertension in formerly premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: clinical features and outcomes in the surfactant era. Pediatrics 2007;120:1260-9. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-0971
  27. Tei C, Dujardin KS, Hodge DO, Bailey KR, McGoon MD, Tajik AJ, Seward SB. Doppler echocardiographic index for assessment of global right ventricular function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1996;9:838-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0894-7317(96)90476-9
  28. Yasuoka K, Harada K, Toyono M, Tamura M, Yamamoto F. Tei index determined by tissue Doppler imaging in patients with pulmonary regurgitation after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatr Cardiol 2004;25:131-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-003-0514-3
  29. Moustapha A, Lim M, Saikia S, Kaushik V, Kang SH, Barasch E. Interrogation of the tricuspid annulus by Doppler tissue imaging in patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension: implications for the assessment of rightventricular systolic and diastolic function. Cardiology 2001;95:101-4. https://doi.org/10.1159/000047354
  30. Boissiere J, Gautier M, Machet MC, Hanton G, Bonnet P, Eder V. Doppler tissue imaging in assessment of pulmonary hypertension-induced right ventricle dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005;289:H2450-5. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00524.2005
  31. Emilsson K, Loiske K. Isovolumetric relaxation time of the right ventricle assessed by tissue Doppler imaging. Scand Cardiovasc J 2004;38:278-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/14017430410022849
  32. Hsiao SH, Lee CY, Chang SM, Yang SH, Lin SK, Huang WC. Pulmonary embolism and right heart function: insights from myocardial Doppler tissue imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006;19:822-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2006.01.011
  33. Frommelt PC, Ballweg JA, Whitstone BN, Frommelt MA. Usefulness of Doppler tissue imaging analysis of tricuspid annular motion for determination of right ventricular function in normal infants and children. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:610-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(01)02308-6
  34. Mori K, Nakagawa R, Nii M, Edagawa T, Takehara Y, Inoue M, Kuroda Y. Pulsed wave Doppler tissue echocardiography assessment of the long axis function of the right and left ventricles during the early neonatal period. Heart 2004;90:175-80. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2002.008110
  35. Rychik J, Tian ZY. Quantitative assessment of myocardial tissue velocities in normal children with Doppler tissue imaging. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:1254-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00178-6
  36. Iwashima S, Sekii K, Ishikawa T, Itou H. Serial change in myocardial tissue Doppler imaging from fetus to neonate. Early Hum Dev 2013;89:687-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.04.017

Cited by

  1. Echocardiographic Measurements of Right Ventricular Mechanics in Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia at 36 Weeks Postmenstrual Age vol.203, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.08.005
  2. Correlation between changes in brain natriuretic peptide and echocardiographic features in persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn vol.33, pp.13, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2018.1543392
  3. Influence of extreme prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia on cardiac function vol.38, pp.9, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1111/echo.15178