References
-
Protter, D., Lang, C. and Cooper, A. A. :
${\alpha}$ -Synuclein and mitochondrial dysfunction: A pathogenic partnership in Parkinson's disease? Parkinson's Dis. 2012, 829207 (2012). - Wilkaniec, A., Strosznajder, J. B. and Adamczyk, A. : Toxicity of extracellular secreted alpha-synuclein: Its role in nitrosative stress and neurodegeneration. Neurochem. Int. 62, 776 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2013.02.004
- Cohen, G. and Heikkila, R. E. : The generation of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, and hydroxyl radical by 6- hydroxydopamine, dialuric acid, and related cytotoxic agents. J. Biol. Chem. 249, 2447 (1974).
- Glinka, Y. Y. and Youdim, M. B. : Inhibition of mitochondrial complexes I and IV by 6-hydroxydopamine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 292, 329 (1995).
- Youdim, M. B., Drigues, N. and Mandel, S. : Oxidative stress indices in Parkinson's disease : biochemical determination. Methods Mol. Med. 62, 137 (2001).
- Henze, C., Earl, C., Sautter, J., Schmidt, N., Themann, C., Hartmann, A. and Oertel, W. H. : Reactive oxidative and nitrogen species in the nigrostriatal system following striatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion in rats. Brain Res. 1052, 97 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.06.020
- Gupta, S. P., Yadav, S., Singhal, N. K., Tiwari, M. N., Mishra, S. K. and Singh, M. P. : Does restraining nitric oxide biosynthesis rescue from toxins-induced parkinsonism and sporadic Parkinson's disease? Mol. Neurobiol. 49, 262 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-013-8517-4
- Garzon, D., Cabezas, R., Vega, N., Avila-Rodriguez, M., Gonzalez, J., Gomez, R. M., Echeverria, V., Aliev, G. and Barreto, G. E. : Novel Approaches in Astrocyte Protection: from Experimental Methods to Computational Approaches. J. Mol. Neurosci. Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print] (2016).
- Gharib, E., Gardaneh, M. and Shojaei, S. : Upregulation of glutathione peroxidase-1 expression and activity by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor promotes high-level protection of PC12 cells against 6-hydroxydopamine and hydrogen peroxide toxicities. Rejuvenation Res. 16, 185 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2012.1390
- Sandhu, J. K., Gardaneh, M., Iwasiow, R., Lanthier, P., Gangaraju, S., Ribecco-Lutkiewicz, M., Tremblay, R., Kiuchi, K. and Sikorska, M. : Astrocyte-secreted GDNF and glutathione antioxidant system protect neurons against 6OHDA cytotoxicity. Neurobiol. Dis. 33, 405 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2008.11.016
- Voutilainen, M. H., Bäck, S., Pörsti, E., Toppinen, L., Lindgren, L., Lindholm, P., Peränen, J., Saarma, M. and Tuominen, R. K. : Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor is neurorestorative in rat model of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurosci. 29, 9651 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0833-09.2009
- Jang, J. H. and Surh, Y. J. : Therapeutic potential of ginseng for the prevention and treatment of neurological disorders. In: Functional Foods of the East, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, p. 147 (2010).
- Chen, X. C., Zhou, Y. C., Chen, Y., Zhu, Y. G., Fang, F. and Chen, L. M. : Ginsenoside Rg1 reduces MPTP-induced substantia nigra neuron loss by suppressing oxidative stress. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 26, 56 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00019.x
- Xu, H., Jiang, H., Wang, J. and Xie, J. : Rg1 protects the MPP+-treated MES23.5 cells via attenuating DMT1 upregulation and cellular iron uptake. Neuropharmacol. 58, 488 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.09.002
- Xu, H., Jiang, H., Wang, J. and Xie, J. : Rg1 protects ironinduced neurotoxicity through antioxidant and iron regulatory proteins in 6-OHDA-treated MES23.5 cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 111, 1537 (2010).
- Lee, S. M., Bae, B. S., Park, H. W., Ahn, N. G., Cho, B. G., Cho, Y. L. and Kwak, Y. S. : Characterization of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer): History, preparation method, and chemical composition. J. Ginseng Res. 39, 384. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2015.04.009
- Kim, S., Lee, Y. and Cho, J. : Korean red ginseng extract exhibits neuroprotective effects through inhibition of apoptotic cell death. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 37, 938 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b13-00880
- Heo, J. H., Lee, S. T., Oh, M. J., Park, H. J., Shim, J. Y., Chu, K. and Kim, M. : Improvement of cognitive deficit in Alzheimer's disease patients by long term treatment with korean red ginseng. J. Ginseng Res. 35, 457 (2011). https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2011.35.4.457
- Jeong, H. G., Ko, Y. H., Oh, S. Y., Han, C., Kim, T. and Joe, S. H. : Effect of Korean Red Ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for women with residual symptoms of major depression. Asia Pac. Psychiatry. 7, 330 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12169
- Lee, S. H., Park, W. S. and Lim, M. H. : Clinical effects of korean red ginseng on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: an observational study. J. Ginseng Res. 35, 226 (2011). https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2011.35.2.226
- Hu, S., Han, R., Mak, S. and Han, Y. J. : Protection against 1- methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+)-induced apoptosis by water extract of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) in SHSY5Y cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 135, 34 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.02.017
- Kim, E. H., Jang, M. H., Shin, M. C., Shin, M. S. and Kim, C. J. : Protective effect of aqueous extract of Ginseng radix against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 26, 1668 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.26.1668
- Siddiqui, W. A., Ahad, A. and Ahsan, H. : The mystery of BCL2 family: Bcl-2 proteins and apoptosis: an update. Arch. Toxicol. 89, 289 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-014-1448-7
-
Zhang, L. Q., Sa, F., Chong, C. M., Wang, Y., Zhou, Z. Y., Chang, R. C., Chan, S. W., Hoi, P. M. and Lee, S. M. Y. : Schisantherin A protects against 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neuron damage in zebrafish and cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells through the ROS/NO and AKT/GSK3
${\beta}$ pathways. J. Ethnopharmacol. 170, 8 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.040 - Gao, K., Liu, M., Cao, J., Yao, M., Lu, Y., Li, J., Zhu, X., Yang, Z. and Wen, A. : Protective effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells through the ROS-NO pathway. Molecules. 20, 293 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20010293
- Gupta, S., Goswami, P., Biswas, J., Joshi, N., Sharma, S., Nath, C. and Singh, S. : 6-Hydroxydopamine and lipopolysaccharides induced DNA damage in astrocytes: involvement of nitric oxide and mitochondria. Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 778, 22 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.12.007
- Kang, K. S., Tanaka, T., Cho, E. J. and Yokozawa, T. : Evaluation of the peroxynitrite scavenging activity of heatprocessed ginseng. J. Med. Food 12, 124 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2007.0646
- Kang, K. S., Kim, H. Y., Pyo, J. S. and Yokozawa, T. : Increase in the free radical scavenging activity of ginseng by heatprocessing. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29, 750 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.750
- Chen, J. : Heme oxygenase in neuroprotection: from mechanisms to therapeutic implications. Rev. Neurosci. 25, 269 (2014).
- Yang, H., Lee, S. E., Jeong, S. I., Park, C. S., Jin, Y. H. and Park, Y. S. : Up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 by Korean red ginseng water extract as a cytoprotective effect in human endothelial cells. J. Ginseng Res. 35, 352 (2011). https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2011.35.3.352
- Park, S. H., Jang, J. H., Chen, C. Y., Na, H. K. and Surh, Y. J. : A formulated red ginseng extract rescues PC12 cells from PCB-induced oxidative cell death through Nrf2-mediated upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and glutamate cysteine ligase. Toxicol. 278, 131 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2010.04.003
- Hwang, Y. P. and Jeong, H. G. : Ginsenoside Rb1 protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative stress by increasing heme oxygenase-1 expression through an estrogen receptor-related PI3K/Akt/Nrf2-dependent pathway in human dopaminergic cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 242, 18 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2009.09.009