Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (한국산업보건학회지)

Korean Industrial Hygiene Association (한국산업보건학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on Exposure Indices for Diesel Engine Exhaust in Forklift Operating Areas

지게차 사용 사업장에서 디젤엔진배출물질 노출지표에 관한 연구

  • Kim, Sangil (Keimyung University) ;
  • Park, Ji Young (Institute for Health and Environment at Seoul National University) ;
  • Lee, Kyeongmin (Occupational Lung Diseases Institute, Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service) ;
  • Kim, Seung Won (Department of Public Health, Keimyung University)
  • Received : 2016.02.19
  • Accepted : 2016.03.20
  • Published : 2016.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the exposure levels of forklift operators to diesel engine exhaust(DEE) using black carbon(BC), elemental carbon(EC), and nitrogen dioxide($NO_2$) as indicators. Methods: A total of eight forklift operators in six collection companies were assessed over a period of two months from July to September 2015. BC was measured using a real-time monitor and respirable EC samples were analyzed using the NIOSH method 5040. $NO_2$ samples were collected using a passive badge-type sampler. Results: The geometric mean of BC, EC and $NO_2$ were $3.1-19.1{\mu}g/m^3$, $2.1-23.8{\mu}g/m^3$, and 12.5-166.6 ppb at all companies. When forklifts were operating both outside and inside, BC concentrations increased 2.0-5.6 times. The highest increase was observed when forklifts were operating indoors. The increase in BC concentrations varied by company(company A: 2.0 times, B: 3.2 times, C: 5.6 times, D: 2.1 times, E: 5.1 times, F: 2.6 times). The geometric mean of BC, EC, and $NO_2$ for the forklift operators was $9.6{\mu}g/m^3$, $7.9{\mu}g/m^3$, and 48.9 ppb, respectively. The geometric mean of BC, EC, and $NO_2$ for manufacturing workers was $9.3{\mu}g/m^3$, $0.9{\mu}g/m^3$, and 85.2 ppb, respectively. The mean BC and EC exposure levels for the forklift operators were slightly higher than those for manufacturing workers, but $NO_2$ levels for manufacturing workers were higher than those for the forklift operators(p>0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that diesel exhaust emissions standard, forklift weight and forklift manufacturer were the most influential factors in determining worker exposure. Conclusions: In the DEE work environment, workers who perform tasks within the workplace as well as inside forklifts as operators are likely to be exposed to a lack of ventilation. Further study of forklift operators' exposure to DEE indicators should be conducted to include a wider range of occupational and environmental situations, such as collection procedures, seasonal situations, types of fuel used, and number of forklifts.

Keywords

References

  1. Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists(AIOH). Diesel particle matter and occupational health issues. 2013. Available from:URL:http://www.aioh.org.au/documents/item/15 [accessed Sep. 2, 2015]
  2. Babich P, Davey M, allen G, Koutrakis P. Method comparisons for particulate nitrate, elemental carbon, and PM2.5 mass in seven U.S. cities. J Air Waste Manage 2000;50(7):1095-1105 https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2000.10464152
  3. Bae HJ, Park J. A Review on Diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer risks. J Environ Health Sci 2012;38(4): 277-290
  4. California Department of Public Health(CDPH). Diesel enging exhaust. 2002. Available from:URL: https://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/hesis/Documents/diesel.pdf [accessed Sep. 20, 2015]
  5. DIESELNET. ACGIH withdraws proposed TLV for diesel particulates. [serial online] 2003 Feb 23 [cited 2015 Aug 26] Available from: URL:https://www.dieselnet.com/news/2003/02acgih.php
  6. Gatari M.J, Boman J. Black carbon and total carbon measurements at urban and rural sites in Kenya, East Africa. Atmos Environ 2003;37(8):1149-1154 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01001-4
  7. Ghim YS. Black carbon monitoring for managing hazardous air pollutants in the metropolitan area. Seoul Studies 2012;13(2):175-186
  8. Groves J, Cain JR. A survey of exposure to diesel engine exhaust emissions in the workplace. Ann occup Hyg 2000;44(6):435-447 https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/44.6.435
  9. International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC). Press release No.213, IARC: Diesel engine exhaust carcinogenic. Available from:URL:http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2012/pdfs/pr213_E.pdf [accessed Apr. 1, 2015]
  10. Jung JH, Park SS, Yoom KH, Cho SY, Kim SJ. Inter-comparison of two aethalometers for aerosol black carbon measurements. J Korean Soc Atmos Environ 2011;27(2):201-208 https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2011.27.2.201
  11. Jung JY. Bus driver exposure assessment of particulate matter and gases. Institute of Natural Sciences Yongin University 2008;18(1):125-133
  12. Korea Construction Equipment Association(KCEA). Construction equipment. Available from:URL: http://www.kcea.or.kr [accessed Mar. 30, 2015]
  13. Kim BW, Song DW. Comparison of diesel exhaust particle concentration between large above-underground parking Ltos. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2013;23(4):323-332
  14. Lee JS, Choi BS, Shin JH, Shin YC, Kim KW et al. Biological monitoring of miners exposed to diesel exhaust using urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2007;17(2):144-152
  15. Lee KH, Jung HJ, Park DU, Ryu SH, Kim BW et al. Occupational exposure to diesel particulate matter in municipal household waste workers. PLoS One 10: e0135229. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135229; 2015
  16. Lee KW, Han SC, Lee JH. Measurement of black carbon concentration in rural area. Korean Soc Mech Eng 2014;38(1):17-24
  17. Lee SB, Bae GN, Park SM, Jung SG. Black carbon pollution level at roadside of Seoul in spring. J Korean Soc Atmos Environ 2007;23(4):466-477 https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2007.23.4.466
  18. Lewné M, Plato N, Gustavsson P. Exposure to particles, elemental carbon and nitrogen dioxide in workers exposed to motor exhaust. Ann Occup Hyg 2007; 51(8):693-701 https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mem046
  19. Lyamani H, Olmo FJ, Foyo I, Alados-Arboledas L. Black carbon aerosols over an urban area in south-eastern Spain: changes detected after the 2008 economic crisis. Atmos Environ 2011;45(35):6423-6432 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.063
  20. Mine Safety and Health Administration(MSHA). Title 30 mineral resources. 2014. Available from:URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title30-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title30-vol1.pdf [accessed Aug. 20, 2015]
  21. National Institute of Environmental Research(NIER). Understanding of motor vehicle certification regulation. 2013. Available from:URL:http://webbook.me.go.kr/DLi-File/NIER/09/019/5580027.pdf [accessed Dec. 21, 2015]
  22. Park DW, Kim SW, Kim W, Bae HJ, Yoon CS et al. Estimates of occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust emissions in South Korea. Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute(OSHRI) Report 2014. p. 11-25
  23. Ris C. U.S. EPA Health assessment for diesel engine exhaust:a review. Inhal Toxicol 2007;19(1):229-239 https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370701497960
  24. Ryu JT. Perfomance improvement by shock absorber mechanism of the forklift truck steering shaft. Graduate School of Industrial Technology Korea Polytechnic University 2008
  25. Safai PD, Kewat S, Praveen PS, Rao PSP, Monim GA et al. Seasonal variation of black carbon aerosols over a tropical urban city of Pune, India. Atmos Environ 2007;41(13):2699-2709 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.044
  26. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). Health assessment document for diesel engine exhaust. Washington, DC; U.S. EPA, EPA/600/8-90/057F; 2002
  27. Wheatley AD, Sadhra S. Occupational exposure to diesel exhaust fumes. Ann Occup Hyg 2004;48(4):369-376 https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/meh018