DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Provision of Two-area Automatic Generation Control by Demand-side Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Stations

  • Xie, Pingping (State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology (Huazhong University of Science and Technology)) ;
  • Shi, Dongyuan (State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology (Huazhong University of Science and Technology)) ;
  • Li, Yinhong (State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology (Huazhong University of Science and Technology))
  • 투고 : 2014.08.31
  • 심사 : 2015.10.21
  • 발행 : 2016.03.01

초록

Application of demand-side resources to automatic generation control (AGC) has a great significance for improving the dynamic control performance of power system frequency regulation. This paper investigates the possibility of providing regulation services by demand-side energy storage in electric vehicle battery swapping stations (BSS). An interaction framework, namely station-to-grid (S2G), is presented to integrate BSS energy storage into power grid for giving benefits to frequency regulation. The BSS can be regarded as a lumped battery energy storage station through S2G framework. A supplementary AGC method using demand-side BSS energy storage is developed considering the vehicle user demand of battery swapping. The effects to the AGC performance are evaluated through simulations by using a two-area interconnected power grid model with step and random load disturbance. The results show that the demand-side BSS can significantly suppress the frequency deviation and tie-line power fluctuations.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. R. Doherty, A. Mullane, G. Nolan, D. Burke, A. Bryson, and M. O’Malley, “An assessment of the impact of wind generation on system frequency control,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 452-460, Feb. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2030348
  2. R. G. de Almeida and J. A. P. Lopes, “Participation of doubly fed induction wind generators in system frequency regulation,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 944-950, Aug. 2007.
  3. Y. Xue and N. Tai, “Review of contribution to frequency control through variable speed wind turbine,” Renew. Energy, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1671-1677, Jun. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2010.11.009
  4. X. Zhao, J. Ostergaard, and M. Togeby, “Demand as Frequency Controlled Reserve,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1062-1071, Aug. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2080293
  5. M. D. Ilic, N. Popli, J. Joo, and Y. Hou, “A possible engineering and economic framework for implementing demand side participation in frequency regulation at value” in Proc. IEEE PES Gen. Meet., Detroit, MI, Jul. 2011, pp. 1-7.
  6. J. Kondoh, N. Lu, and D. J. Hammerstrom, “An Evaluation of the Water Heater Load Potential for Providing Regulation Service,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1309-1316, Aug. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2090909
  7. M. García, F. Bouffard, and D. S. Kirschen, “Decentralized Demand-Side Contribution to Primary Frequency Control,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 411-419, Feb. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2048223
  8. Y. Song, X. Yang, and Z. Lu, “Integration of Plug-in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles: Experience from China,” in Proc. IEEE PES Gen. Meet., Minneapolis, MN, Jul. 2010, pp.1-6.
  9. W. Kempton and J. Tomic, “Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue,” J Power Sources, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 268-279, Apr. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.025
  10. J. Tomic and W. Kempton, “Using fleets of electricdrive vehicles for grid support,” J. Power Sources, vol. 168, no. 2, pp. 459-468, Jun. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.03.010
  11. D. Corey, K. Whitea, and M. Zhang, "Using vehicle-to-grid technology for frequency regulation and peak-load reduction," J Power Sources, vol. 196, no. 8, pp. 3972-3980, Apr. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.010
  12. X. Luo, S. Xia, and K.W. Chan, “A decentralized charging control strategy for plug-in electric vehicles to mitigate wind farm intermittency and enhance frequency regulation,” J Power Sources, vol. 248, pp. 604-614, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.116
  13. Y. Ota, H. Taniguchi, T. Nakajima, K. M. Liyanage, J. Baba, and A. Yokoyama, “Autonomous Distributed V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) Satisfying Scheduled Charging,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 559-564, Mar. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2011.2167993
  14. S. Han, S. H. Han, and K. Sezaki, “Development of an optimal vehicle-to-Grid aggregator for frequency regulation,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 65-72, Jun. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2010.2045163
  15. J. R. Pillai and B. B. Jensen, "Integration of vehicle-to-grid in the Western Danish power system," IEEE Trans. Sustainable Energy, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 12-19, Jan. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2010.2072938
  16. T. Masuta and A. Yokoyama, “Supplementary Load Frequency Control by Use of a Number of Both Electric Vehicles and Heat Pump Water Heaters,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1253-1262, Sept. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2012.2194746
  17. H. Yang, C. Y. Chung, and J. Zhao, “Application of Plug-In Electric Vehicles to Frequency Regulation Based on Distributed Signal Acquisition Via Limited Communication,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp.1017-1026, May. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2209902
  18. Y. Mu, J. Wu, J. Ekanayake, N. Jenkins, and H. Jia, “Primary Frequency Response From Electric Vehicles in the Great Britain Power System,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1142-1150, Jun. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2012.2220867
  19. H. Liu, Z. Hu, Y. Song, and J. Lin, “Decentralized Vehicle-to-Grid Control for Primary Frequency Regulation Considering Charging Demands,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 3480-3489, Aug. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2252029
  20. P. Lombardi, M. Heuer, and Z. Styczynski, “Battery switch station as storage system in an autonomous power system: Optimization issue,” in Proc. IEEE PES Gen. Meet., Minneapolis, MN, Jul. 2010, pp.1-6.
  21. M. Takagi, Y. Iwafune, K. Yamaji, H. Yamamoto, K. Okano, R. Hiwatari, and T. Ikeya, “Economic Value of PV Energy Storage Using Batteries of Battery-switch Stations,” IEEE Trans. Sustainable Energy, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 164-73, Jan. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2012.2210571
  22. Y. Miao, Q. Jiang, and Y. Cao, “Battery switch station modeling and its economic evaluation in microgrid,” in Proc. IEEE PES Gen. Meet., San Diego, CA, Jul. 2012, pp. 1-7.
  23. M. Armstrong, C. E. H. Moussa, J. Adnot, A. Galli, and P. Riviere, “Optimal recharging strategy for battery-switch stations for electric vehicles in France,” Energy Policy, vol. 60, pp. 569-582, Sept. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.089
  24. Y. Gao, K. Zhao, and C. Wang, “Economic dispatch containing wind power and electric vehicle battery swap station,” in Proc. IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, Orlando, FL, May. 2012, pp. 1-7.
  25. S. Zhang, Z. Hu, Y. Song, H. Liu, and M. Bazargan, “Research on unit commitment considering interacttion between battery swapping station and power grid,” Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 49-55, Apr. 2012.
  26. U. N. Bhat, An Introduction to Queueing Theory: Modeling and Analysis in Applications. New York: Birkhäuser Boston & Springer Science, 2008, pp. 43-50.
  27. K. Shimizu, T. Masuta, Y. Ota, and A. Yokoyama, “Load frequency control in power system using vehicle-to-grid system considering the customer convenience of electric vehicle,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Power Syst. Technol., Hangzhou, China, Oct. 2010, pp. 1-8.
  28. C. F. Lu, C. C. Liu, and C. J. Wu, “Effect of battery energy storage system on load frequency control considering governor deadband and generation rate constraint,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 555-561, Sep. 1995. https://doi.org/10.1109/60.464882
  29. T. Michigami and T. Ishii, “Construction of fluctuation load model and dynamic simulation with LFC control of DC power system and frequency converter interconnection,” in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Trans. Distrib. Conf., Yokahama, Japan, Oct. 2002, pp. 382-387

피인용 문헌

  1. Analysis of controllable capacity for electric vehicle battery swapping stations vol.2017, pp.13, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1049/joe.2017.0705
  2. A New Method to Plan the Capacity and Location of Battery Swapping Station for Electric Vehicle Considering Demand Side Management vol.8, pp.12, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060557