약학 실무실습교육에서의 효과적인 교수법

Effective Teaching Skills in Pharmacy Practice Education

  • 투고 : 2016.11.26
  • 심사 : 2016.12.20
  • 발행 : 2016.12.31

초록

Experiential education is a core curriculum of 6-year pharmacy education. Practicing pharmacists lie at the heart of experiential education serving as preceptors for undergraduate pharmacy students during experiential education. Preceptors are, however, confronted with a challenge of caring for patients and teaching students at the same time in a time-constrained environment. To improve the effectiveness and outcomes of experiential education, practicing pharmacists are required to demonstrate educational competence. Even small teaching moments can provide students with valuable learning opportunities that they could not have from on their own. Thus, it is vital to provide education and training for preceptors to advance their teaching skills. This article will describe practical and effective teaching skills that preceptors could adopt in the experiential education for pharmacy students. It is important that preceptors should use different teaching skills for different learners, according to their level of experience and knowledge, learning styles and needs, as well as the type of the practice. Therefore, possessing diverse teaching skills provides flexibility to adapt teaching to each student's learning levels and needs, and to the charateristics of the practice environment. Preceptors' level of confidence and comfort in using teaching skills can be enhanced through continuous practice and training, which consequently leads to the improved effectiveness of experiential education and student's satisfaction with the education.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Jamshidi R and Ozgediz D. Medical student teaching: A peer-to-peer toolbox for time-constrained resident educators. J Surg Edu 2008; 65:95-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2007.11.001
  2. Je NK, Lee IH, Yoon JH. Assessment of changes in pharmacists' perception of preceptorship and the effect of a preceptor orientation program. Kor J Clin Pharm 2012;22:143-52.
  3. Weitzel KW, Walters EA, Taylor J. Teaching clinical problem solving: A preceptor's guide. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2012;69:1588-99. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp110521
  4. McGee SR and Irby DM. Teaching in the outpatient clinic: practical tips. J Gen Intern Med 1997;12(suppl 2):S34-40. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.12.s2.5.x
  5. Irby DM. Teaching and learning in the ambulatory care settings: a thematic review of the literature. Acad Med 1995;70:898-931. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199510000-00014
  6. Wolpaw T, Papp KK, Bordage G. Using SNAPPS to facilitate the expression of clinical reasoning and uncertainties: a randomized comparison group trial. Acad Med 2009;84:517-24. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e31819a8cbf
  7. Neher JO, Godrdon KC, Meyer B, et al. A five-step "microskills" model of clinical teaching. J Am Board Fam Pract 1992;5:419-24.
  8. Neher JO and Stevens NG. The One-minute preceptor: shaping the teaching conversation. Fam Med 2003;35:391-3.
  9. Teherani A, O'Sullivan P, Aagaard EM, et al. Student perceptions of the one munute preceptor and traditional preceptor models. Med Teach 2007;29:323-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590701287988
  10. Aagarrd E, Teherani A, Irby DM. Effectiveness of the one-minute preceptor model for diagnosing the patient and the learner. Acad Med 2004;79:42-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200401000-00010
  11. Irby DM, Aagard E, Teherani A. Teaching points identified by preceptors observing one-minute preceptor and traditional preceptor encounters. Acad Med 2004;79:50-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200401000-00012
  12. Irby DM and Wilkerson L. Teaching when time is limited. BMJ 2008; 336:384-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39456.727199.AD
  13. Parrot S, Dobbie A, Chumley H, et al. Evidence-based office teachingthe five-step microskills model of clinical teaching. Fam Med 2006;38:164-7.
  14. Lake FR and Vickery AW. Teaching on the run tips 14: teaching in ambulatory care. Med J Aust 2006;185:166-7.
  15. Barker ER and Pittman O. Becoming a super preceptor: A practical guide to preceptorship in today's clinical climate. J Am Acad Nurs Prac 2010;22:144-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2009.00487.x
  16. Salerno SM, O'Malley PG, Pangaro LN, et al. Faculty development seminars based on the one-minute preceptor improve feedback in the ambulatory setting. J Gen Intern Med 2002;17:779-87. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.11233.x
  17. Furney SL, Orsini AN, Orsetti KE, et al. Teaching the One minute Preceptor: a randomized controlled trial. J Gen Intern Med 2001;16:620-4. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009620.x
  18. Neighbor WE Jr and Dobie SA. Microskills model of clinical teaching. J Am Board Fam Pract 1993;5:86-7.
  19. Ferenchick G, Simpson D, Blackman J, et al. Strategies for efficient and effective teaching in the ambulatory care setting. Acad Med 1997; 72:277-80. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199704000-00011
  20. Lake FR and Hamdorf JM. Teaching on the run tips 5: teaching a skill. MJA 2004;181:327-8.
  21. Lim FA. Questioning: a teaching strategy to foster clinical thinking and reasoning. Nurse Educ 2011;36:52-3. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0b013e31820b4dd8
  22. Alguire PC, Dewitt DE, Pinsky LE, et al. Case-based learning, In; eds. Teaching in your office: a guide to instructing medical students and residents, 2nd edition, Philadelphia: American College of Physicians and American Society of Internal Medicine, 2001:51-74
  23. Spencer J. ABC of learning and teaching in medicine: Learning and teaching in the clinical environment. BMJ 2003;326:591-4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7389.591
  24. Smith R. Thoughts for new medical students at a new medical school. BMJ 2003;327:1430-3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7429.1430
  25. Rowe MB. Wait time: slowing down may be a way of speeding up! J Teach Educ 1986;37:43-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002248718603700110
  26. Banning MB. The think aloud approach as an educational tool to develop and assess clinical reasoning in undergraduate students. Nurse Educ Today 2008;28:8-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2007.02.001
  27. Walker M and Peyton JWR. Teaching in theatre. IN: Peyton JWR, editor. Teaching and learning in medical practice. Rickmansworth, UK: Manticore Europe Limited, 1998:171-180.
  28. Lake FR, Vickery AW, Ryan G. Teaching on the run tips 7: effective use of questions. MJA 2005;182:126-7.
  29. Epstein RM, Cole DR, Gawinski BA, et al. How students learn from community-based preceptors. Arch Fam Med 1998;7:149-54. https://doi.org/10.1001/archfami.7.2.149
  30. Wilkerson L and Sarkin RT. Arrows in the quiver: evaluation of a workshop on ambulatory teaching. Acad Med 1998;73(suppl 10): S67-69. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199810000-00048