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셰일 저류층에서 케로젠, GOR 변화에 따른 속도 변화 및 AVO 반응 분석

Analysis of Seismic Velocity Change and AVO Response Depending on Saturation of Kerogen and GOR in Shale Reservoirs

  • 최준환 (한양대학교 자원환경공학과) ;
  • 이재욱 (한양대학교 자원환경공학과) ;
  • 변중무 (한양대학교 자원환경공학과) ;
  • 김보나 (한양대학교 자원환경공학과) ;
  • 김소영 (한양대학교 자원환경공학과)
  • Choi, Junhwan (Dept. of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang Univ.) ;
  • Lee, Jaewook (Dept. of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang Univ.) ;
  • Byun, Joongmoo (Dept. of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang Univ.) ;
  • Kim, Bona (Dept. of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang Univ.) ;
  • Kim, Soyoung (Dept. of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang Univ.)
  • 투고 : 2016.01.25
  • 심사 : 2016.02.25
  • 발행 : 2016.02.29

초록

최근 셰일 저류층의 암석물리학적 모델(Rock Physics Model)에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 셰일 저류층에서는 케로젠(Kerogen)과 GOR (Gas-Oil Ratio)을 통해서 숙성도를 파악할 수 있는데, 케로젠에 대한 암석물리학적 모델연구는 활발히 진행된 반면, GOR 변화에 대한 셰일 저류층 연구는 아직 미미하다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 GOR 및 케로젠 변화에 따른 속도 및 밀도 변화와 AVO (Amplitude Variation with Offset) 반응을 분석하였다. 판상구조로 이루어진 셰일은 수직 가로 등방성(Vertical Transverse Isotropy; VTI) 성질을 갖기 때문에 Backus averaging 기법을 적용하여 셰일 저류층의 속도 및 밀도를 도출하였고 이를 기반으로 AVO 반응을 분석하였다. GOR변화에 대해서는 속도 변화가 작았지만 케로젠 함량에 따른 속도 변화는 상대적으로 크게 나타났다. 중질오일과 경질오일을 구분할 수 있는 GOR이 180 (Litre/Litre)일 때에는 케로젠의 부피비가 5%에서 35%으로 증가할 때 층에 대해 수직방향인 P파 속도가 51%까지 증가하였다. 즉, 속도 구분을 통해 케로젠의 숙성도를 파악하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다. 한편, 가스와 오일을 합친 유체의 비율이 클 때에는 GOR 변화에 따른 속도 변화가 상대적으로 크게 나타났다. 케로젠의 부피비가 5%일 때에는 중질오일(GOR 40)에서의 층에 대해 수직방향인 P파 속도가 $1.46km/s^2$로 측정되었지만 경질오일(GOR 300)일 때에는 $1.36km/s^2$로 측정되었다. AVO 반응을 분석해본 결과, GOR과 케로젠 함량을 변화시켜도 포아송 비의 변화량이 작게 나타났으므로 Class 4의 양상이 나타났다. 이를 통하여 셰일 저류층에서는 Class 4의 양상이 나타날 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

Recently, the studies about rock physics model (RPM) in shale reservoir are widely performed. In shale reservoir, the degree of the maturity can be estimated by kerogen and GOR (Gas-Oil Ratio). The researches on the rock physics model of shale reservoir with the amount of kerogen have been actively carried out but not with GOR. Thus, in this study, we analyzed the changes in seismic velocity and density, and AVO (Amplitude Variation with Offset) response depending on changes in GOR and the amount of kerogen. Since the shale consists of plate-like particles, it has vertical transverse isotropy (VTI). Therefore we estimated the seismic velocity and density by using Backus averaging method and analyzed AVO responses based on these estimated properties. The results of analysis showed that the changes in the velocity with the GOR variation are small but the velocity changes with the variation in kerogen amount are relatively larger. In case, GOR 180 (Litre/Litre) which is boundary between heavy oil and light oil, when volume fraction of kerogen increased from 5% to 35%, the P-wave velocity normal to the layering increased 51%. That is, it helps estimating maturity of kerogen through the velocity. Meanwhile, when rates of oil-gas mixture are large, the effect of GOR variation on the velocity change became larger. In case volume fraction of kerogen is 5%, the P-wave velocity normal to the layering was estimated $1.46km/s^2$ in heavy oil (GOR 40) but $1.36km/s^2$ in light oil (GOR 300). The AVO responses analysis showed class 4 regardless of the GOR and amount of kerogen because variation of poisson's ratio is small. Therefore, shale reservoir has possibility to have class 4.

키워드

참고문헌

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