Korean Journal of Child Studies (아동학회지)

Korean Association of Child Studies (한국아동학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Effects of Parental Forgiveness and Parent-Child Communication on School-Age Boys' and Girls' Forgiveness

부모의 용서와 부모-자녀 의사소통이 남녀 아동의 용서에 미치는 영향

  • Kim, Eun Hye (Department of Child Development, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Doh, Hyun-Sim (Department of Child Development, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Kim, Min-Jung (Department of Child Welfare, Namseoul University) ;
  • Rhee, Sun Hee (Department of Childhood Education, Soongsil Cyber University)
  • 김은혜 (이화여자대학교 아동학과) ;
  • 도현심 (이화여자대학교 아동학과) ;
  • 김민정 (남서울대학교 아동복지학과) ;
  • 이선희 (숭실사이버대학교 아동학과)
  • Received : 2016.10.31
  • Accepted : 2016.12.19
  • Published : 2016.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parental forgiveness and parent-child communication on school-age children's forgiveness in late childhood. Methods: A total of 231 fifth and sixth graders (122 boys and 109 girls) living in Daegu participated in the study. They responded to questionnaires regarding parental forgiveness, parent-child communication and children's forgiveness. The data were analyzed by t-tests, Pearson's correlations, and SEM using SPSS 18.0 and LISREL 9.1. Results: First, paternal forgiveness had a direct effect on children's forgiveness. Second, parental forgiveness had an indirect effect on children's forgiveness through parent-child communication. Finally, multigroup analyses revealed that paternal forgiveness had a direct effect and an indirect effect through father-child communication on boys' forgiveness, whereas maternal forgiveness had an indirect effect on girls' forgiveness through mother-child communication. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the gender of parents and children needs to be considered to explain school-age children's forgiveness. In addition, these findings have implications for future research and practice by highlighting the importance of parental forgiveness and parent-child communication in forgiveness education programs for children and parent education programs.

Keywords

References

  1. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=O69047585 https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
  2. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffes, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  3. Barnes, H. L., & Olson, D. H. (1982). Parent-adolescent communication scale. In D. H. Olson, H. I. McCubbin, H. L. Barnes, A. Larsen, M. J. Muxen, & M. Wilson (Eds.), Family inventories: Inventories used in a national survey of families across the family life cycle (pp. 33-48). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
  4. Bassett, H. H. (2007). Individual differences in children's forgiveness: Intraindividual, parental, and family environmental contributors (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/304736249
  5. Baumeister, R. F., Exline, J. J., & Sommer, K. L. (1998). The victim role, grudge theory, and two dimensions of forgiveness. In E. L. Worthington (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives (pp. 79-104). Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press.
  6. Biller, H. B. (1981). The father and sex role development. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
  7. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 115-159. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
  8. Denham, S. A., Zoller, D., & Couchoud, E. A. (1994). Socialization of preschoolers' emotion understanding. Developmental Psychology, 30(6), 928-936. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.6.928
  9. Emmons, R. A. (2000). Is spirituality an intelligence?: Motivation, cognition, and the psychology of ultimate concern. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 3-26. doi:10.1207/S15327582IJPR1001_2
  10. Enright, R. D. (2001). Forgiveness is a choice: A step-by-step process for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington: American Psychological Association.
  11. Enright, R. D., Gassin, E. A., & Wu, C. (1992). Forgiveness: A development view. Journal of Moral Education, 21(2), 99-114. doi:10.1080/0305724920210202
  12. Feshbach, N. D. (1997). Empathy, the formative years: Implications for clinical practice. In A. C. Bohart & L. S. Greenberg (Eds.), Empathy reconsidered: New directions in psychotherapy (pp. 33-59). Washington: American Psychological Association.
  13. Halberstadt, A., & Eaton, K. L. (2002). A meta-analysis of family expressiveness and children's emotion expressiveness and understanding. Marriage & Family Review, 34(1-2), 35-62. doi:10.1300/J002v34n01_03
  14. Jaffee, S., & Hyde, J. S. (2000). Gender differences in moral orientation: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 703-726. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.703
  15. Janssens, M. A., & Dekovic, M. (1997). Child rearing, prosocial moral reasoning, and prosocial behaviour. The International Society for the Study of Behavioural Develoment, 20(3), 509-527. doi:10.1080/016502597385252
  16. Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D. (2012). LISREL 9.1 student edition for Windows [Computer software]. Skokie, IL: Scientific Software International.
  17. McCullough, M. E., Pargament, K. I., & Thoresen, C. E. (2000). The psychology of forgiveness: History, conceptual issues, and overview. In M. E. McCullough, K. I. Pargament, & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 1-14). New York: Guilford Press.
  18. McCullough, M. E., Worthington, E. L., & Rachal, K. C. (1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2), 321-336. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.321
  19. Mullet, E., Girard, M., & Bakhshi, P. (2004). Conceptualizations of forgiveness. European Psychologist, 9(2), 78-86. doi:10.1027/1016-9040.9.2.78
  20. Neal, L. K. (2005). The relationship between children's propensity to forgive, parents' propensity to forgive and parenting practices (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/35208743
  21. Parke, R. D., & Buriel, R. (1998). Socialization in the family: Ethnic and ecological perspectives. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 3. Social, Emotional, and personality development (pp. 463-552). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  22. Putallaz, M., & Heflin, A. (1990). Parent-child interaction. In S. R. Asher & J. D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 189-216). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  23. Roby, D. C. (1997). Forgiveness, parental nurturance and self-esteem (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/
  24. Russell, G., & Russell, A. (1987). Mother-child and father-child relationships in middle childhood. Child Development, 58(6), 1573-1585. doi:10.2307/1130696
  25. Staub, E., Pearlman, L. A., Gubin, A., & Hagengimana, A. (2005). Healing, forgiveness and reconciliation in Rwanda: Intervention and experimental evaluation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(3), 297-334. doi:10.1521/jscp.24.3.297.65617
  26. Steinberg, B. S. (2001). The making of female presidents and prime ministers: The impact of birth order, sex of siblings, and father-daughter dynamics. Political Psychology, 22(1), 89-110. doi:10.1111/0162-895X.00227
  27. Wade, N. G., & Worthington, E. L. (2003). Overcoming interpersonal offense: Is forgiveness the only way to deal with unforgiveness? Journal of Counseling and Development, 81(3), 343-353. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2003.tb00261.x
  28. Wark, G. R., & Krebs, D. L. (1996). Gender and dilemma differences in real-life moral judgement. Developmental Psychology, 32(2), 220-230. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.2.220
  29. Watanabe, N. (2011). Forgiveness in Japanese children and adolescents: Dispositional, emotional, and parental influence (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://digilib.gmu.edu/
  30. Worthington, E. L. (2005). Initial questions about the art and science of forgiving. In E. L. Worthington (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 1-14). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
  31. Worthington, E. L., & Wade, N. G. (1999). The psychology of unforgiveness and forgiveness and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18(4), 385-418. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/ https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1999.18.4.385
  32. Do, K.-H. (2008). Relation among father's child-rearing involvement, father-child communication style, children's achievement motivation and school adjustment. Journal of The Korean Association of Practical Arts Education, 20(4), 139-155. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A77045497
  33. Doh, H.-S., Lee, H.-S., Kim, S.-H., Choi, M.-K., Lee, S., & Kim, S. (2011). Human development and the family. Seoul: Kyomunsa.
  34. Han, J.-L., & Hur, G.-H. (2003). Relationships between argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness of parents and their offsprings. Speech & Communication, 2, 41-71. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A99873027
  35. Hong, S. (2000). The criteria for selecting appropriate fit indices in structural equation modeling and their rationales. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 161-177. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A100628132
  36. Jang, S.-S., Kim, H.-S., & Hong, S.-H. (2005). Effect verification of forgiveness program focused on peer relation for elementary school children. The Korean Journal of School Psychology, 2(2), 199-220. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A100633142
  37. Jeong, J. Y. (2005). The effect of a forgiveness training program on the forgiveness and personal relationship of elementary school children (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T10057485
  38. Kang, E. M. (2007). The effects of forgiveness group counselling program on the interpersonal stress and stress coping of elementary school children (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T11219577
  39. Kang, J.-R. (2010). Parent's child-rearing behaviors perceived by adolescents and adolescents' emotional intelligence as related to adolescents' forgiveness (Mater's thesis). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T12115189
  40. Kim, G. S. (2009). Structural equation modeling with AMOS. Seoul: Hannarae.
  41. Kim, H. (2003). The influence of religion, parenting behavior and self-esteem on forgiveness in Ewha womans university students (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T8928892
  42. Kim, H. S. (2003). Educational psychology. Seoul: Hanol.
  43. Kim, J. A. (2009). A study on the practical research to overcome anger of children (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T11770837
  44. Kim, K., & Im, H. (2006). An exploration of psychological process of interpersonal forgiveness: Focused on effects of empathy and apology on forgiving behavior. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 20(2), 19-33. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A100629615
  45. Kim, K.-S. (2002). The development and the effects of program for forgiveness. The Korea Journal of Youth Counseling, 10(1), 165-191. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A76449038
  46. Kim, K. S. (2004). Reflective inquiry on empirical-scientific studies of forgiveness and suggestions for following forgiveness studies. Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, 18(4), 33-49. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A75412531
  47. Kim, K.-S., & Ha, Y.-S. (2006). The effects of a forgiveness counseling-education program on the degree of forgiveness and emotional intelligence of elementary school students. Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, 20(4), 909-930. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A75418847
  48. Kim, K.-S., & Kim, H.-Y. (2009). The effects of empathy education program on children's empathy ability and emotional intelligence. The Journal of Elementary Education, 22(4), 275-300. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A76591400
  49. Kim, K.-S., & Kim, K.-J. (2007). The effects of a forgiveness counseling education program on the degree of forgiveness and empathy ability of elementary school students. Asian Journal of Education, 8(4), 87-109. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A100422933 https://doi.org/10.15753/aje.2007.8.4.004
  50. Kim, S.-H. (2011). Development of youth tolerance scale. Journal of Evaluation on Counseling, 4(1), 63-81.
  51. Lee, A.-R., & Koo, J. (2009). Relationship between forgiveness and personality. The Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 23(3), 89-105. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A100629643
  52. Lee, H. H. (2005). The effects of a forgiveness education group counseling program on the aggression and interpersonal stress of elementary school children (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T10057415
  53. Lee, H. J., & Kim, K. W. (2000). The relationship among the parent-adolescent communication, adolescents self-esteem, and social development. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 9(3), 283-295. Retrieved from http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Article/NODE02363753
  54. Lee, H. R., & Choi, B. G. (2002). The relation between preschoolers' emotion understanding and parents' emotion expressiveness and attitude toward children's emotion expressiveness. Family and Environment Research, 40(10), 103-112. Retrieved from http://www.ndsl.kr
  55. Lee, J.-S. (2009). The effects of parent-child conflicts and empathy on forgiveness and psychological maladjustment (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T11549359
  56. Lee, J. Y. (2008). The effect of receiving forgiveness and forgiving others on psychological well-being and interpersonal trust: Moderated by perfectionism and cultural dispositions (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://dlps.nanet.go.kr/
  57. Lee, M. S. (2013). The mediating effects of children's empathy ability and self-resilience between parent-child communication and school adjustment of children (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T13122003
  58. Min, H. Y. (1991). The relationship between juvenile delinquency and parent-adolescent communication, family cohesion and adaptability (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A3034431
  59. Moon, M. Y. (2001). The effects of children's perception of parental rising attitude on children's behavior of maladjustment (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T7912738
  60. Mun, Y.-S. (2004). The effects of parent-child interaction by type on children's empathy, perspective-taking & prosocial behavior. The Korean Society for Early Childhood Education, 24(1), 115-143. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A99534648
  61. Oh, J. R., & Kim, S. H. (1999). The facilitation training program of mother-child relationship. The Studies of Student Guidance, 32(1), 31-107. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A19499586
  62. Oh, Y. (1990). The development of forgiveness in the context of friendship conflict. Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, 4(2), 247-273. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A19659349
  63. Oh, Y.-H. (1995). The use of forgiveness in the treatment of "Hahn": A psychological approach. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 7(1), 70-94. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A100630887
  64. Oh, Y.-H. (2006). A survey of hurt and forgiveness of Korean people. Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, 20(2), 467-486. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A75417226
  65. Park, J.-H. (2003). Exploration of the relation between forgiveness and health. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 8(2), 301-321. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A100631833
  66. Park, J.-H. (2006). A review of forgiveness psychological theory and education program. The Korean Journal of the Human Development, 13(1), 117-134. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A77013570
  67. Park, J.-H. (2007). A validation study of the enright forgiveness inventory for children (EFI-C): Mediation effect of forgiveness. Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, 21(1), 265-281. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A75416964
  68. Park, J.-H. (2012). A study to explore the relationship between forgiveness, personality and subjective well-being. Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, 26(4), 927-949. Retrieved from http://kiss.kstudy.com
  69. Ra, Y.-S., Hyun, M.-H., Cha, S.-Y., & Yun. S.-Y. (2010). Relationship between a childhood emotional abuse, symptom of complex posttraumatic stress, and forgiveness. The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29(1), 21-34. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A100627474 https://doi.org/10.15842/kjcp.2010.29.1.002
  70. Roh, Y.-O., & Jun, M.-K. (2005). A study on the adolescent's perception of marital conflict and the parents-children communication. Journal of the Korean Association of Practical Arts Education, 18(1), 1-16. Retrieved from http://www.ndsl.kr/
  71. Ryu, S.-M. (2010). The effects of children perceived parent-child communication styles on children's empathic ability and conflict-resolution strategies to friends (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T12114218
  72. Seo, C. R., & Lee, H. S. (2006). The effects of family environment and individual psychological variables on adolescents' problem behaviors. Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association, 18(2), 151-162. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A77045375
  73. Seon, M. S. (2011). The relations among perceived parent-adolescent communication, sense of well-being, self-efficacy, and egoresilience of high school students (Master's thesis). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T12275555
  74. Shin, H.-K. (2009). Relationships among parenting styles and children's life stress and negative automatic thoughts: The moderating effect of parenting styles according to age and gender. The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28(4), 1083-1105. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A100627465 https://doi.org/10.15842/kjcp.2009.28.4.008
  75. Sin, M.-S. (2008). Relations among forgiveness, parents' child-rearing attitudes and school adjustment of elementary school students (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T11478114
  76. Song, J. J. (2009). SPSS/AMOS statistics analysis method when writing thesis. Paju: 21 century.
  77. Yoo, E. H., & Lim, M. O. (2006). The relationship between parents' emotional expressiveness and children's selfregulation. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 27(6), 97-106. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A5007213