Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society (천문학회지)

The Korean Astronomical Society (한국천문학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

ENVIRONMENTAL DEPENDENCE OF WARPS IN SPIRAL GALAXIES

  • Received : 2016.10.04
  • Accepted : 2016.11.17
  • Published : 2016.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

We determined the warp parameters of 192 warped galaxies which are selected from 340 edge-on galaxies using color images as well as r-band isophotal maps. We derive the local background density (${\Sigma}_n$) to examine the dependence of the warp amplitudes on the galaxy environment. We find a clear trend that strongly warped galaxies are likely to be found in high density regions where tidal interactions are supposed to be frequent. However, the correlation between ${\alpha}_{\omega}$ and ${\Sigma}_n$ is too weak for weakly warped galaxies (${\alpha}_{\omega}$ < $4^{\circ}$) and the cumulative distributions of weakly warped galaxies are not significantly different from those of galaxies with no detectable warps. This suggests that tidal interactions do not play a decisive role in the formation of weak warps.

Keywords

References

  1. Abazajian, K. N. et al. 2009, The Seventh Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, ApJS, 182, 543 https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/182/2/543
  2. Ann, H. B., & Lee, H.-R. 2013, Spiral Arm Morphology of Nearby Galaxies, JKAS, 46, 141
  3. Ann, H. B. 2014, Environment Dependence of Disk Morphology of Spiral Galaxies, JKAS, 47, 1
  4. Ann, H. B., Seo, M., & Ha, D. K. 2015, A Catalog of Visually Classified Galaxies in the Local (z < 0.01) Universe, ApJS, 217, 27 https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/217/2/27
  5. Ann, H. B., & Park, J.-C. 2006, Warped Disks in Spiral Galaxies, New Astron., 11, 293 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newast.2005.08.006
  6. Aumer, M., White S. D. M., Naab T., & Scannapieco, C. 2013, Towards a More Realistic Population of Bright Spiral Galaxies in Cosmological Simulations, MNRAS, 434, 3142 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1230
  7. Bailin, J., & Steinmetz, M. 2005, Internal and External Alignment of the Shapes and Angular Momenta of CDM Halos, ApJ, 627, 647 https://doi.org/10.1086/430397
  8. Bailin, J., & Steinmetz, M. 2005, in Near-Fields Cosmology with Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies, ed. Jeren, H., & Binggeli, B. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 207
  9. Battaner, E., Florido, E., & Sanchez-Saavedra, M. L. 1990, Intergalactic Magnetic Field and Galactic Warps, A&A 236, 1
  10. Battaner, E., & Jimenez-Vicente, J. 1998, A Simple Model of Magnetically Induced Warps, A&A, 332, 809
  11. Bean, A. J., Efstathiou, G., Ellis, R. S., Peterson, B. A., & Shanks, T., 1983, A Complete Galaxy Redshift Sample. I - The Peculiar Velocities between Galaxy Pairs and the Mean Mass Density of the Universe, MNRAS, 205, 605 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/205.3.605
  12. Blanton, M. R. et al. 2005, New York University Value-Added Galaxy Catalog: A Galaxy Catalog Based on New Public Surveys, AJ, 129, 2562 https://doi.org/10.1086/429803
  13. Bosma, A. 1981, 21-cm Line Studies of Spiral Galaxies. I - Observations of the Galaxies NGC 5033, 3198, 5055, 2841, and 7331, AJ, 86, 1791 https://doi.org/10.1086/113062
  14. Bosma, A. 1981, 21-cm Line Studies of Spiral Galaxies. II - The Distribution and Kinematics of Neutral Hydrogen in Spiral Galaxies of Various Morphological Types, AJ, 86, 1825 https://doi.org/10.1086/113063
  15. Calzetti, D., & Giavalisco, M. 1993, Peculiar velocities and galaxy clustering - Do bulk and shell motions have the same origin?, ApJ, 406, 388 https://doi.org/10.1086/172449
  16. Castro-Rodriguez, N., Ropez-Corredoira, M., Sanchez-Saavedra, M. L., & Battaner, E. 2002, Warps and Correlations with Intrinsic Parameters of Galaxies in the Visible and Radio, A&A, 391, 519 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20020895
  17. Choi, I. Y., & Ann, H. B. 2011, Spiral Arm Morphology in Cluster Environment, JKAS, 44,161
  18. Choi, Y.-Y., Han, D.-H., & Kim, S. S. 2010, Korea Institute for Advanced Study Value-Added Galaxy Catalog, JKAS, 43,191
  19. Davis, M., Geller, M. J., & Huchra, J. 1978, The Local Mean Mass Density of the Universe - New Methods for Studying Galaxy Clustering, ApJ, 221, 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/156000
  20. Debattista, V. P., & Sellwood, J. A. 1999, Warped Galaxies from Misaligned Angular Momenta, ApJ, 513, L107 https://doi.org/10.1086/311913
  21. Dressler, A. 1980, Galaxy Morphology in Rich Clusters - Implications for the Formation and Evolution of Galaxies, ApJ, 236, 351 https://doi.org/10.1086/157753
  22. Dressler, A., Faber, S. M., Burstein, D., Davies, R. L., Lynden-Bell, D., Terlevich, R. J., & Wegner, G. 1987, Spectroscopy and Photometry of Elliptical Galaxies - A Large-Scale Streaming Motion in the Local Universe, ApJ, 313, 37 https://doi.org/10.1086/164946
  23. Dubinski, J., & Chakrabatry, D. 2009, Warps and Bars from the External Tidal Torques of Tumbling Dark Halos, ApJ, 703, 2068 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/2068
  24. Fesenko, B. I. 1973, Peculiar Velocities of Galaxies and Indications of the Existence of a Local Cluster, Sov. Astron., 17, 314
  25. Garcia-Ruiz, I., Sancisi, R., & Kuijken, K. 2002. Neutral Hydrogen and Optical Observations of Edge-On Galaxies: Hunting for Warps, A&A 394, 769 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20020976
  26. Giovanelli, R., Haynes, M. P., Chamaraux, P., Da Costa, L. N., Freudling, W., Salzer, J., & Wegner, G. 1996, Spiral Galaxies and the Peculiar Velocity Field, IAUS, 168, ed. M. Kafatos & Y. Kondo, (Dordrecht: Kluwer), 183
  27. Gomez, F. A., White, S. D. M., Grand, R. J. J., Marinacci, F., Springel, V., & Pakmor, R. 2016, Warps and Waves in Fully Cosmological Models of Galactic Discs, arXiv:1606.06295
  28. Hawkins, E. et al. 2003, The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey: Correlation Functions, Peculiar Velocities and the Matter Density of the Universe, MNRAS, 346, 78 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2966.2003.07063.x
  29. Huang, S., & Carlberg, R. G. 1997, Sinking Satellites and Tilting Disk Galaxies, ApJ, 480, 503 https://doi.org/10.1086/303977
  30. Ideta, M., Hozumi, S., Tsuchiya, T., & Takizawa, M. 2000, Time Evolution of Galactic Warps in Prolate Haloes, MNRAS, 311, 733 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03092.x
  31. Jeon, M., Kim, S. S., & Ann, H. B. 2009, Galactic Warps in Triaxial Halos, ApJ, 696, 1899 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/696/2/1899
  32. Jiang, I., & Binney, J. 1999, Warps and Cosmic Infall, MNRAS, 303, L7 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02333.x
  33. Kalirai, J. S., Guhathakurta, P., Gilbert, K. M., Reitzel, D. B., Majewski, S. R., Rich, R. M., & Cooper, M. C. 2006, Kinematics andMetallicity of M31 Red Giants: The Giant Southern Stream and Discovery of a Second Cold Component at R=20 kpc, ApJ, 641, 268 https://doi.org/10.1086/498700
  34. Karachentsev, I. D. 1971, The Peculiar-Velocity Dispersion of Galaxies, Sov. Astron., 15, 171
  35. Kim, J. H., Peirani, S., Kim, S., Ann, H. B., An, S.-H., & Yoon, S.-J. 2014, Formation of Warped Disks by Galactic Flyby Encounters. I. Stellar Disks, ApJ, 789, 90 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/90
  36. Kornreich, D. A., Haynes, M. P., & Lovelace, R. V. E. 1998. Neutral Gas Dynamics of Optically Asymmetric Disk Galaxies, AJ, 116, 21
  37. Kraan-Korteweg, R. C. 1986, A Catalog of 2810 Nearby Galaxies - The Effect of the Virgocentric Flow Model on their Observed Velocities, A&AS, 66, 255
  38. Kuijken, K. 1991, Galactic Disk Warps, ApJ, 376, 467 https://doi.org/10.1086/170295
  39. Lopez-Corredoira, M., Betancort-Rijo, J., & Beckman, J. E. 2002. Generation of Galactic Disc Warps due to Intergalactic Accretion Flows onto the Disc, A&A 386, 169 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20020229
  40. Lynden-Bell, D. 1965, Free pPrecession for the Galaxy, MNRAS, 129, 299 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/129.4.299
  41. Lynden-Bell, D., Faber, S. M., Burstein, D., Davies, R. L., Dressler, A., Terlevich, R. J., & Wegner, G. 1988, Spectroscopy and Photometry of Elliptical Galaxies. V - Galaxy Streaming toward the New Supergalactic Center, ApJ, 326, 19 https://doi.org/10.1086/166066
  42. Mould, J. R. et al. 2000, The Hubble Space Telescope Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale. XXVIII. Combining the Constraints on the Hubble Constant, ApJ, 529, 786 https://doi.org/10.1086/308304
  43. Muldrew, S. I. et al. 2012, Measures of Galaxy Environment - I. What is 'Environment'?, MNRAS, 419, 2670 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19922.x
  44. Ostriker, E. C., & Binney, J. 1989, Warped and Tilted Galactic Discs, MNRAS, 237, 785 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/237.3.785
  45. Peebles, P. J. E. 1979, The Mean Mass Density Estimated from the Kirshner, Oemler, Schechter Galaxy Redshift Sample, AJ, 84, 730 https://doi.org/10.1086/112474
  46. Peebles, P. J. E. 1987, Origin of the Large-Scale Galaxy Peculiar Velocity Field - A Minimal Isocurvature Model, Nature, 327, 210 https://doi.org/10.1038/327210a0
  47. Quinn, P. J., Hernquist, L., & Fullagar, D. P., 1993, Heating of Galactic Disks by Mergers, ApJ, 403, 74 https://doi.org/10.1086/172184
  48. Raychaudhury, S., & Saslaw, W. C. 1996, The Observed Distribution Function of Peculiar Velocities of Galaxies, ApJ, 461, 514 https://doi.org/10.1086/177078
  49. Reshetnikov, V., Battaner, E. Combes, F., & Jimenez-Vicente, J. 2002, Statistics of Galaxy Warps in the HDF North and South, A&A, 382, 513 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20011672
  50. Reshetnikov, V., & Combes, F. 1998, Statistics of Optical Warps in Spiral Disks, A&A, 337, 9
  51. Reshetnikov, V., & Combes, F. 1999, Spiral Galaxies with Large Optical Warps, A&A, 138, 101 https://doi.org/10.1051/aas:1999106
  52. Reshetnikov, V. P., Mosenkov, A. V., Moiseev, A. V., Kotov, S. S., & Savchenko, S. S. 2016, Galaxies with Conspicuous Optical Warps, MNRAS, 461, 4233 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1623
  53. Revaz, Y., & Pfenniger, D. 2004, Bending Instabilities at the Origin of Persistent Warps: A New Constraint on Dark Matter Halos, A&A 425, 67 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20041386
  54. Rix, H. W., & Zaritsky, D. 1995. Nonaxisymmetric Structures in the Stellar Disks of Galaxies, ApJ, 447, 82 https://doi.org/10.1086/175858
  55. Roskar, R., Debattista, V. P., Brooks, A. M., Quinn, T. R., Brook, C. B., Governato, F., Dalcanton, J. J., & Wadsley, J. 2010, Misaligned Angular Momentum in Hydrodynamic Cosmological Simulations: Warps, Outer Discs and Thick Discs, MNRAS, 408, 783 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17178.x
  56. Saha, K., de Jong R., & Holwerda, B. 2009. The Onset of Warps in Spitzer Observations of Edge-On Spiral Galaxies, MNRAS, 396,409 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14696.x
  57. Sanchez-Saavedra, M. L., Battaner, E., & Florido, E. 1990, Frequency of Warped Spiral Galaxies at Visible Wavelengths, MNRAS, 246, 458
  58. Sanchez-Saavedra, M. L., Battaner, E., Guijarro, A., Lopez-Corredoira, M., & Castro-Rodriguez, N. 2003, A Catalog of Warps in Spiral and Lenticular Galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere, A&A, 399, 457 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20021751
  59. Sanchez-Martin, P., Romero-Gomez, M., & Masdemont, J. J. 2016, Warp Evidence in Precessing Galactic Bar Models, A&A, 588, 76 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527302
  60. Sanchez-Salcedo, F. J. 2006, On the Origin of Warps and the Role of the Intergalactic Medium, MNRAS, 365, 555 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09736.x
  61. Sancisi, R. 1976, Warped HI Disks in Galaxies, A&A, 53, 159
  62. Shen, J., & Sellwood, J. A. 2006, Galactic Warps Induced by Cosmic Infall, MNRAS, 370, 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10477.x
  63. Sparke, L. S., & Casertano, S. 1988, A Model for Persistent Galactic Warps, MNRAS, 234, 873 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/234.4.873
  64. Schwarzkopf, U., & Dettmar, R.-J., 2001. Properties of Tidally-Triggered Vertical Disk Perturbations, A&A, 373, 402.
  65. Tsvetkov, D. Y. 1981, An Estimate for the Typical Peculiar Velocity of Field Galaxies, Sov. Astron., 25, 416
  66. van der Kruit, P. C., & Freeman, K. C. 2011, Galaxy Disks, ARA&A, 49, 301 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-083109-153241
  67. Wall, J. V., & Jenkins, C. R. 2003, Practical Statistics for Astronomers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 261
  68. Weinberg, M. D., & Blitz, L. 2006, A Magellanic Origin for the Warp of the Galaxy, ApJ, 641, L33 https://doi.org/10.1086/503607
  69. Zaritsky, D., & Rix, H. W. 1997. Lopsided Spiral Galaxies and a Limit on the Galaxy Accretion Rate, ApJ, 477, 118 https://doi.org/10.1086/303692