References
- Butler MG. Prader-Willi Syndrome: Obesity due to Genomic Imprinting. Curr Genomics 2011;12:204-15. https://doi.org/10.2174/138920211795677877
- Whittington JE, Holland AJ, Webb T, Butler J, Clarke D, Boer H. Population prevalence and estimated birth incidence and mortality rate for people with Prader-Willi syndrome in one UK Health Region. J Med Genet 2001;38:792-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg.38.11.792
- Burman P, Ritzen EM, Lindgren AC. Endocrine dysfunction in Prader-Willi syndrome: a review with special reference to GH. Endocr Rev 2001;22:787-99. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv.22.6.0447
- Goldstone AP, Thomas EL, Brynes AE, Bell JD, Frost G, Saeed N, et al. Visceral adipose tissue and metabolic complications of obesity are reduced in Prader-Willi syndrome female adults: evidence for novel influences on body fat distribution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4330-8. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.9.7814
- Hoybye C, Hilding A, Jacobsson H, Thoren M. Metabolic profile and body composition in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome and severe obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:3590-7. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.8.8735
- Goldstone AP, Holland AJ, Hauffa BP, Hokken-Koelega AC, Tauber M, speakers contributors at the Second Expert Meeting of the Comprehensive Care of Patients with PWS. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Prader- Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:4183-97. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0649
- Lacroix D, Moutel S, Coupaye M, Huvenne H, Faucher P, Pelloux V, et al. Metabolic and adipose tissue signatures in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome: a model of extreme adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:850-9. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-3127
- Grugni G, Crino A, Bedogni G, Cappa M, Sartorio A, Corrias A, et al. Metabolic syndrome in adult patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013;23:1134-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012.11.006
- Coupaye M, Lorenzini F, Lloret-Linares C, Molinas C, Pinto G, Diene G, et al. Growth hormone therapy for children and adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome is associated with improved body composition and metabolic status in adulthood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:E328-35. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-2881
- Sode-Carlsen R, Farholt S, Rabben KF, Bollerslev J, Schreiner T, Jurik AG, et al. Body composition, endocrine and metabolic profiles in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010;20:179-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2009.12.004
- Talebizadeh Z, Butler MG. Insulin resistance and obesityrelated factors in Prader-Willi syndrome: comparison with obese subjects. Clin Genet 2005;67:230-9.
- Lagathu C, Christodoulides C, Tan CY, Virtue S, Laudes M, Campbell M, et al. Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 regulates adipose tissue expansion and is dysregulated in severe obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010;34:1695-705. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.107
- Virtue S, Vidal-Puig A. Adipose tissue expandability, lipotoxicity and the Metabolic Syndrome--an allostatic perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010;1801:338-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.12.006
- Vidal-Puig A. Adipose tissue expandability, lipotoxicity and the metabolic syndrome. Endocrinol Nutr 2013;60 Suppl 1:39-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1575-0922(13)70026-3
- Moreno-Navarrete JM, Escote X, Ortega F, Serino M, Campbell M, Michalski MC, et al. A role for adipocyte-derived lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in inflammation- and obesity-associated adipose tissue dysfunction. Diabetologia 2013;56:2524-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-013-3015-9
- Alligier M, Gabert L, Meugnier E, Lambert-Porcheron S, Chanseaume E, Pilleul F, et al. Visceral fat accumulation during lipid overfeeding is related to subcutaneous adipose tissue characteristics in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:802-10. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-3289
- Buechler C, Krautbauer S, Eisinger K. Adipose tissue fibrosis. World J Diabetes 2015;6:548-53. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i4.548
- Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G, Tal I, Rodman D, Goldfine AB, et al. Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1509-17. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0810780
- Virtue S, Vidal-Puig A. Assessment of brown adipose tissue function. Front Physiol 2013;4:128.
- Peirce V, Vidal-Puig A. Regulation of glucose homoeostasis by brown adipose tissue. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2013;1:353-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70055-X
- Carobbio S, Rosen B, Vidal-Puig A. Adipogenesis: new insights into brown adipose tissue differentiation. J Mol Endocrinol 2013;51:T75-85. https://doi.org/10.1530/JME-13-0158
- Gaggini M, Saponaro C, Gastaldelli A. Not all fats are created equal: adipose vs. ectopic fat, implication in cardiometabolic diseases. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015;22:7-18.
- Haqq AM, Muehlbauer MJ, Newgard CB, Grambow S, Freemark M. The metabolic phenotype of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) in childhood: heightened insulin sensitivity relative to body mass index. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:E225-32. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-1733
- Hoybye C. Endocrine and metabolic aspects of adult Prader-Willi syndrome with special emphasis on the effect of growth hormone treatment. Growth Horm IGF Res 2004;14:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-6374(04)00071-1
- Eiholzer U, Blum WF, Molinari L. Body fat determined by skinfold measurements is elevated despite underweight in infants with Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome. J Pediatr 1999;134:222-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70419-1
- Reus L, Zwarts M, van Vlimmeren LA, Willemsen MA, Otten BJ, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW. Motor problems in Prader-Willi syndrome: a systematic review on body composition and neuromuscular functioning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011;35:956-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.10.015
- Lloret-Linares C, Faucher P, Coupaye M, Alili R, Green A, Basdevant A, et al. Comparison of body composition, basal metabolic rate and metabolic outcomes of adults with Prader Willi syndrome or lesional hypothalamic disease, with primary obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013;37:1198-203. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2012.228
- Bruce KD, Hanson MA. The developmental origins, mechanisms, and implications of metabolic syndrome. J Nutr 2010;140:648-52. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.111179
- DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 1991;14:173-94.
- Krochik AG, Ozuna B, Torrado M, Chertkoff L, Mazza C. Characterization of alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in children with Prader-Willi syndrome. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2006;19:911-8.
- Brambilla P, Crino A, Bedogni G, Bosio L, Cappa M, Corrias A, et al. Metabolic syndrome in children with Prader-Willi syndrome: the effect of obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011;21:269-76.
- Brambilla P, Bosio L, Manzoni P, Pietrobelli A, Beccaria L, Chiumello G. Peculiar body composition in patients with Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1369-74. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/65.5.1369
- Hoybye C. Growth hormone treatment of Prader-Willi syndrome has long-term, positive effects on body composition. Acta Paediatr 2015;104:422-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.12898
- Oto Y, Tanaka Y, Abe Y, Obata K, Tsuchiya T, Yoshino A, et al. Exacerbation of BMI after cessation of growth hormone therapy in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2014;164A:671-5.
- Kuo JY, Ditchekenian V, Manna TD, Kuperman H, Damiani D, Setian N. [Prader-Willi syndrome: metabolic aspects related to growth hormone treatment]. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2007;51:92-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007000100015
- Hoffman AR, Kuntze JE, Baptista J, Baum HB, Baumann GP, Biller BM, et al. Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in adult-onset gh deficiency: effects on body composition in men and women in a double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2048-56. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030346
- Tanaka Y, Abe Y, Oto Y, Itabashi H, Shiraishi M, Yoshino A, et al. Characterization of fat distribution in Prader-Willi syndrome: relationships with adipocytokines and influence of growth hormone treatment. Am J Med Genet A 2013;161A:27-33.
- Sanchez-Ortiga R KA, Tritos NA. Effects of recombinant human growth hormone therapy in adults with Prader- Willi syndrome: a meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011;77:86-93.