Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition

The Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (대한소아소화기영양학회)
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Efficacy and Safety of Low Dose Ketamine and Midazolam Combination for Diagnostic Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Children

  • Akbulut, Ulas Emre (Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University) ;
  • Cakir, Murat (Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University)
  • Received : 2015.04.26
  • Accepted : 2015.06.16
  • Published : 2015.09.30
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Abstract

Purpose: We aimed to analyze the effectiveness and safety of low-dose midazolam and ketamine combination for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) in children. Methods: The study included the children (n=425, $10.78{\pm}3.81years$) who underwent UGIE for diagnostic purpose during 1 year period. All children were sedated with low dose midazolam (0.1 mg/kg) and ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) intravenously. Effectiveness of the sedation and complications during the procedure and recovery period were recorded. Results: Endoscopic procedure was successfully completed in 414 patients (97.4%; 95% confidence interval, 95.8-98.9). $Mean{\pm}standard$ deviation (SD) duration of procedure was $6.36{\pm}1.64minutes$ (median, 6.0 minutes; range, 4-12 minutes). Minor complications occurred during the procedure in 39.2% of the patients. The most common complication was increased oral secretion (33.1%). No major complications were observed in any patient. Age and Ramsay sedation scores of patients with complications during the procedure were lower than the others ($9.49{\pm}4.05years$ vs. $11.61{\pm}3.43years$, p=0.002 and $2.10{\pm}1.46$ vs. $4.37{\pm}1.16$, p=0.001). Mean recovery time was 22 minutes (range, 10-90 minutes; $mean{\pm}SD$, $25{\pm}12.32minutes$). Minor complications developed during recovery in 60.1% of the patients. The most common complication was transient double vision (n=127, 30.7%). Emergence reaction was observed in 5 patients (1.2%). Conclusion: The procedure was completed with high level of success without any major complication in our study. Combination of low-dose midazolam and ketamine is a suitable sedation protocol for pediatric endoscopists in UGIE.

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References

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