DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer

  • Published : 2015.08.03

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy among males worldwide, and is the second leading cause of cancer death among men in United States. According to GLOBOCAN (2012), an estimated 1.1 million new cases and 307,000 deaths were reported in 2012. The reasons for the increase of this disease are not known, but increasing life expectancy and modified diagnostic techniques have been suggested as causes. The established risk factors for this disease are advancing age, race, positive family history of prostate cancer and western diet (use of fat items). Several other risk factors, such as obesity, physical activity, sexual activity, smoking and occupation have been also associated with prostate cancer risk, but their roles in prostate cancer etiology remain uncertain. This mini-review aims to provide risk factors, disease knowledge, prevalence and awareness about prostate cancer.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahmad Z, Qureshi A, Idrees R, Aftab K (2009). Prostatic carcinoma: a Pakistani perspective. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 10, 323-4.
  2. American Cancer Society: Facts & Figures 2015. Atlanta, G A: American Cancer Society, 2015.
  3. Anuurad E, Shiwaku K, Nogi A, et al (2003). The new BMI criteria for Asians by the regional office for the western pacific region of WHO are suitable for screening of overweight to prevent metabolic syndrome in elder Japanese workers. J Occupat Health, 45, 335-43. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.45.335
  4. Askari F, Parizi M K, Jessri M, Rashidkhani B (2014). Fruit and vegetables intake in relation to prostate cancer in Iranian men: A case control study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 5223-7. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.13.5223
  5. Baade PD, Youlden DR, Cramb SM, Dunn J, Gardinar RA (2013). Epidemiology of prostate cancer in the Asia Pacific region. Prostate Int, 1, 47-8. https://doi.org/10.12954/PI.12014
  6. Bashir MN, Malik MA (2015). Case-control study of diet and prostate cancer in rural population of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Asian Pac J cancer Prev, 16, 2375-8. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.6.2375
  7. Bashir MN, Ahmad MR, Malik A (2014). Risk factors of prostate cancer: a case-control study in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Asian Pac J cancer Prev, 15, 10327-30.
  8. Bhurgri Y, Kayani N, Pervez S, et al (2009). Incidence and trends of prostate cancer in Karachi South, 1995-2002. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 10, 45-8.
  9. Center MM, Jemal A, Lortet TJ, et al (2012). International variation in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates. Eur Urol, 61, 1079-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2012.02.054
  10. Dennis LK, Dawson DV (2002). Meta-analysis of measures of sexual activity and prostate cancer. Epidemiology, 13, 72-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200201000-00012
  11. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, et al (2010). GLOBOCON 2008, Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC, Cancer Base No. 10. Lyon France: Int Agency Res Cancer [Epub ahead of print].
  12. Ferlay J, Soerjomataian I, Mathers C et al (2015). Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN, 2012. Int J Cancer, 136, 359-86. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29210
  13. Ganesh B, Saoba SL, Sarade MN, Pinjari SV (2011). Risk factors for prostate cancer: an hospital-based case-control study from Mumbai, India. Indian J Urol, 27, 345-50. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-1591.85438
  14. Hardin J, Cheng I, Witte J S (2011). Impact of consumption of vegetables, fruit, grain and high glycemic index food on aggressive prostate cancer risk. Nutr Cancer, 63, 860-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2011.582224
  15. Hosseini M, SeyedAlinaghi S, Mahmoudi M, McFarland W (2010). A case-control study of risk factors for prostate cancer in Iran. Acta Med Iran, 48, 61-6.
  16. Howlader N, Noone A M, Krapcho M, et al (2014). SEER cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011 (Vintage 2011 Populations). Retrieved March 17, 2015, from http://www.seer.cancer.gov/csr/2014
  17. Hsing AW, Sesterhenn FK, Mostofi FZ, et al (2000). Body size and prostate cancer: a population-based case-control studyin China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 9, 1335-41.
  18. Hsing AW, Chokkalingam AP (2006). Prostate cancer epidemiology. Front Biosci, 11, 1388-413. https://doi.org/10.2741/1891
  19. Huang WY, Hayes R, Pfeiffer R, et al (2008). Sexually transmissible infections and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 17, 2374-81. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0173
  20. Huncharek M, Haddock KS, Reid R, Kupelnick B (2010). Smoking as a risk factor for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 24 prospective cohort studies. Am J Public Health, 100, 693-701. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.150508
  21. Jeml A, Brar F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D (2011). Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin, 61, 69-90. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20107
  22. Joshi A D, Corral R, Catsburge, et al (2012). Red meat and poultry cooking practices, genetic susceptibility and risk of prostate cancer: result from a multiethnic case-control study. Carcinogenesis, 33, 2108-18. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgs242
  23. Kevin MW, Brain EH, Danial OS, et al (2009). Association of diabetes with prostate cancer risk in multiethnic cohort. Am J Epidemiol, 169, 937-45. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp003
  24. Kicinski M, Vangronsveld J, Nawrot TS (2011). An epidemiological reappraisal of the familial aggregation of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One, 6, 27130. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027130
  25. Lange E M, Salinas CA, Zuhlke KA, et al (2012). Early onset prostate cancer has a significant genetic component. Prostate, 72, 147-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.21414
  26. Leitzmann MF, Rohrmann S (2012). Risk factors for the onset of prostate cancer: age, location, and behavioral correlates. Clinical Epidemiology, 4, 1-11.
  27. Liu B, Mao Q, Cao M, Xie L (2012). Cruciferous vegetables intake and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Urol, 19, 134-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2042.2011.02906.x
  28. Mahmood S, Qasmi G, Ahmad A, et al (2012). Lifestyle factors associated with the risk of prostate cancer among Pakistani men. J Ayub Med Coll Abbotabad, 24, 122-6.
  29. Mazdak H, Mazdak M, Jamil L, Keshteli AH (2012). Determination of prostate cancer risk factors in Isfahan, Iran: a case-control study. Med Arh, 66, 45-8.
  30. McCracken M, Olsen M, et al (2007). Cancer incidence, mortality, and associated risk factors among Asian Americans of Chinese, Filipino, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese ethnicities. CA Cancer J Clin, 57, 190-205. https://doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.57.4.190
  31. Moore MA, Ariyaratne Y, Badar F, et al (2009). Cancer epidemiology in South Asia past, present and future. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 10, 49-67.
  32. Nemesure B, Wu S, Hennis A, Leske M C (2012). Family history of prostate cancer in black population. J Immigrant Minority Health, [Epub ahead of print].
  33. Parent M E, Desy M, Siemiatycki J (2009). Does exposure to agricultural chemicals increase the risk of prostate cancer among farmers? Mcgill J Med, 12, 70-7.
  34. Pierce BL (2012). Why are diabetics at reduced risk for prostate cancer? A review of the epidemiologic evidence. Urol Oncol, 30, 735-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.07.008
  35. Pourmand G, Salem S, Mehrsai A, et al (2007). The risk factors of prostate cancer: a multicentric case-control study in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 8, 422-8.
  36. Ragin C, Davis B, Tadesse H, Daniels D (2012). Farming, reported pesticides use, and prostate cancer. Am J Men's Health, 6, 224-9.
  37. Siegel R, Miller K D, Jemal A (2015). Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin, 65, 5-29. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21254
  38. Song Y, Chavarro J E, Cao Y, et al (2013). Whole milk intake is associated with prostate cancer-specific mortality among US. male Physicians. J Nutt, 143, 189-96.
  39. Stanford JL, Ostrander EA (2001). Familial prostate cancer. Epidemiol Rev,
  40. Turner E L, Lane J A, Donovan J L, Davis M J, et al (2011). Association of diabetes mellitus with prostate cancer: nested case-control study (Prostate testing for cancer and treatment study). Int J Cancer, 128, 440-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25360
  41. Sutcliffe S, Giovannucci E, De Marzo AM, et al (2006). Gonorrhea, syphilis, clinical prostatitis, and the risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 15, 2160-6. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0913
  42. Thompson JC, Wood J, Feuer D (2007). Prostate cancer: palliative care and pain relief. British Medical Bulletin, 83, 341-54. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldm018
  43. Tyagi B, Manoharm N, Raina V (2010). A case control study on prostate cancer in Delhi. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 11, 397-401.
  44. Vogt TM, Zeigler RG, Graubard BI, et al (2003). Serum selenium and risk of prostate cancer in U.S blacks and white. Int J Cancer, 102, 258-61.
  45. Vlajinac H,s Illic M, Marinkovic J, Sipetic S (2010). Nutrition and prostate cancer. J BUON, 15, 698-703.
  46. Wittemore AS, Kolonel LN, Wu AH, et al (1995). Prostate cancer in relation to diet, physical activity and body size in blacks, whites, and Asians in United States and Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst, 87, 652-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/87.9.652
  47. Yeole BB, Sunny L (2001). Population based survival from prostate cancer in Mumbai (Bombay), India. Indian J Cancer, 38, 126-32.
  48. Zeegers MP, Jellama A, Oster H (2003). Empiric risk of prostate carcinoma for relatives of patients with prostate carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Cancer, 97, 1894-903. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11262
  49. Zhou XF, Ding ZS, Liu NB (2013). Allium vegetables and risk of prostate cancer: evidence from 132,192 subjects. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 4131-9. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.7.4131
  50. Zu K, Giovannucci E (2009). Smoking and aggressive prostate cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Causes Control, 20, 1799-810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-009-9387-y

Cited by

  1. The antipsychotic drug pimozide inhibits cell growth in prostate cancer through suppression of STAT3 activation vol.48, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.3229
  2. Role of vitamin D receptor gene Cdx2 and Apa1 polymorphisms in prostate cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis vol.16, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2722-2
  3. Incidentally Detected Adenocarcinoma Prostate in Transurethral Resection of Prostate Specimens: a Hospital Based Study from India vol.17, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.4.2255
  4. Natural resource-based industries and prostate cancer risk in Northeastern Ontario: a case–control study vol.73, pp.8, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103573
  5. Prostate cancer in firefighting and police work: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies vol.16, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0336-z
  6. Quality of sleep in patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer vol.38, pp.8, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-017-2989-3
  7. Metformin inhibits SUV39H1-mediated migration of prostate cancer cells vol.6, pp.5, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1038/oncsis.2017.28
  8. Extranodal extension of lymph node metastasis influences recurrence in prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis vol.7, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02577-4
  9. Additional value of the ratio of serum total testosterone to total prostate-specific antigen in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in a Chinese population pp.03034569, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12872
  10. False-positive diagnosis of disease progression by magnetic resonance imaging for response assessment in prostate cancer with bone metastases: A case report and review of the pitfalls of images in the literature vol.10, pp.6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2015.3753
  11. Association between Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD) Polymorphism and Prostate Cancer Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis vol.31, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5301/jbm.5000188
  12. correlates with adverse clinicopathological features of human prostate cancer vol.98, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1111/iep.12257
  13. CTBP1/CYP19A1/estradiol axis together with adipose tissue impacts over prostate cancer growth associated to metabolic syndrome pp.00207136, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31773
  14. PCA3 rs544190G>A and prostate cancer risk in an eastern Chinese population vol.44, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2017.0146
  15. CLCA2 epigenetic regulation by CTBP1, HDACs, ZEB1, EP300 and miR-196b-5p impacts prostate cancer cell adhesion and EMT in metabolic syndrome disease vol.143, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31379
  16. MiR-17 Regulates Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis Through Inhibiting JAK-STAT3 Signaling Pathway vol.33, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1089/cbr.2017.2386
  17. Relationship between nutrients intake and the risk of prostate cancer vol.48, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1108/NFS-01-2018-0003
  18. Epidemiology of prostate cancer in Asian countries vol.25, pp.6, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1111/iju.13593
  19. Prevention of Prostate Tumor Development by Stimulation of Antitumor Immunity Using a Standardized Herbal Extract (Deep Immune®) in TRAMP Mice vol.2018, pp.1741-4288, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9707543
  20. PSA-based, prostate cancer risk on-line calculators: no such thing as a crystal ball? vol.5, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1515/dx-2018-0087