References
- Gilbert LI, Gill SS. Insect control: biological and synthetic agents. New York: Academic Press; 2010.
- Copping LG, Menn JJ. Biopesticides: a review of their action, applications and efficacy. Pest Manag Sci 2000;56:651-76. https://doi.org/10.1002/1526-4998(200008)56:8<651::AID-PS201>3.0.CO;2-U
- Shah PA, Goettel MS. Directory of microbial control products and services. Gainesville (FL): The Society for Invertebrate Pathology; 1999.
- Holder DJ, Keyhani NO. Adhesion of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria (Cordyceps) bassiana to substrata. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005;71:5260-6. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.9.5260-5266.2005
- Hajek AE, St. Leger RJ. Interactions between fungal pathogens and insect hosts. Annu Rev Entomol 1994;39:293-322. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.39.010194.001453
- Hemingway J, Ranson H. Insecticide resistance in insect vectors of human disease. Annu Rev Entomol 2000;45:371-91. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.371
- Scholte EJ, Takken W, Knols BG. Pathogenicity of five East African entomopathogenic fungi against adult Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). Proc the Nld Entomol Soc Meet 2003;14:25-9.
- Scholte EJ, Njiru BN, Smallegange RC, Takken W, Knols BG. Infection of malaria (Anopheles gambiae s.s.) and filariasis (Culex quinquefasciatus) vectors with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Malar J 2003;2:29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-2-29
- Scholte EJ, Knols BG, Samson RA, Takken W. Entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control: a review. J Insect Sci 2004;4:19. https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/4.1.19
- Scholte EJ, NgOhabi K, Kihonda J, Takken W, Paaijmans K, Abdulla S, Killeen GF, Knols BGJ. An entomopathogenic fungus for control of adult African malaria mosquitoes. Science 2005;308:1641-2. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1108639
- Blanford S, Chan BH, Jenkins N, Sim D, Turner RJ, Read AF, Thomas MB. Fungal pathogen reduces potential for malaria transmission. Science 2005;308:1638-41. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1108423
- Ward MD, Selgrade MK. Benefits and risks in malaria control. Science 2005;310:49-51.
- Scholte EJ, Knols BG, Takken W. An entomopathogenic fungus (Metarhizium anisopliae) for control of the adult African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Entomolog Ber 2008;68:21-6.
- Blanford S, Shi W, Christian R, Marden JH, Koekemoer LL, Brooke BD, Coetzee M, Read AF, Thomas MB. Lethal and pre-lethal effects of a fungal biopesticide contribute to substantial and rapid control of malaria vectors. PLoS one 2011;6:e23591. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023591
- Benserradj O, Mihoubi I. Larvicidal activity of entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae against mosquito larvae in Algeria. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2014;3:54-62.
- Couch JN, Bland CE. The genus Coelomomyces. New York: Academic Press; 1985.
- Chapman HC. Biological control of mosquito larvae. Annu Rev Entomol 1974;19:33-59. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.19.010174.000341
- Roberts DW. Coelomomyces, Entomophtora, Beauveria, and Metarrhizium as parasites of mosquitoes. Misc Publ Entomol Soc Am 1970;7:140-55.
- Federici BA. Mosquito control by the Fungi Culicinomyces, Lagenidium and Coelomomyces. In: Burges HD, editor. Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970-1980. New York: Academic Press; 1981. p. 555-72.
- Roberts DW, Strand MA. Pathogens of medically important arthropods. Bull World Health Organ 1977;55(suppl 1):5-8.
- Weiser J. Biological control of vectors: manual for collecting, field determination and handling of biofactors for control of vectors. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 1991.
- Goettel MS, Inglis GD. Fungi: hyphomycetes. In: Lacey LA, editor. Manual of techniques in insect pathology. San Diego: Academic Press; 1997. p. 213-49.
- Roberts DW. Fungal infections of mosquitoes. In: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Mosquito Control; 1973 May 8-10; Montreal, Canada. Montreal: Presses de l'Universite du Quebec; 1974. p. 143-93.
- Clark TB, Kellen WR, Fukuda T, Lindegren JE. Field and laboratory studies on the pathogenicity of the fungus Beauveria bassiana to three genera of mosquitoes. J Invertebr Pathol 1968;11:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(68)90047-5
- Blanford S, Jenkins NE, Christian R, Chan BH, Nardini L, Osae M, Koekemoer L, Coetzee M, Read AF, Thomas MB. Storage and persistence of a candidate fungal biopesticide for use against adult malaria vectors. Malar J 2012;11:354. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-354
- Service MW. Biological control of mosquitoes, has it a future? Mosq News 1983;43:113-20.
- Sweeney AW. Preliminary field tests of the fungus Culicinomyces against mosquito larvae in Australia. Mosq News 1981;41:470-6.
- Cooper R, Sweeney AW. The comparative activity of the Australian and United States strains of Culicinomyces clavosporus bioassayed in mosquito larvae of three different genera. J Invert Pathol 1982;40;383-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(82)90177-X
- Sweeney AW. 1983. The time-mortality response of mosquito larvae infected with the fungus Culicinomyces. J Invert Pathol 1983;42:162-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(83)90058-7
- Lacey LA, Undeen AH. Microbial control of black flies and mosquitoes. Annu Rev Entomol 1986;31:265-96. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.31.010186.001405
- Goettel MS, Sigler L, Carmichael JW. Studies on the mosquito pathogenic hyphomycete Culicinomyces clavisporus. Mycologia 1984;76:614-25. https://doi.org/10.2307/3793218
- De Garcia MC, Arboleda ML, Barraquer F, Grose E. Fungal keratitis caused by Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae. J Med Vet Mycol 1997;35:361-3. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681219780001421
- Zimmermann G. The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and its potential as a biocontrol agent. Pestic Sci 1993;37:375-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780370410
- Strasser H, Vey A, Butt TM. Are there any risks in using entomopathogenic fungi for pest control, with particular reference to the bioactive metabolites of Metarhizium, Tolypocladium and Beauveria species? Biocontrol Sci Technol 2000;10:717-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583150020011690
- Soars GG. Pathogenesis of infection by the hyphomycetous fungus, Tolypocladium cylindrosporum in Aedes sierrensis and Culex tarsalis (Dip.: Culicidae). BioControl 1982;27:283-99.
- Goettel MS. Preliminary field trials with the entomopathogenic hyphomycete Tolypocladium cylindrosporum in central Alberta. J Am Mosquito Control Assoc 1987;3:239-45.
- Gardner JM, Ram RC, Kumar S, Pillai JS. Field trials of Tolypocladium cylindrosporum against larvae of Aedes polynesiensis breeding in crab holes in Fiji. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1986;2:292-5.
- Seymour RL, Briggs JD. Occurrence and control of Aphanomyces (Saprolegniales: Fungi) infections in laboratory colonies of larval Anopheles. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1985;1:100-2.
- Couch JN, Romney SV. Sexual reproduction in Lagenidium giganteum. Mycologia 1973;65:250-2. https://doi.org/10.2307/3757815
- Couch JN. A new saprophytic species of Lagenidium, with notes on other forms. Mycologia 1935;27:376-87. https://doi.org/10.2307/3754166
- Merrriam TL, Axtell RC. Evaluation of the entomogenous fungi Culicinomyces clavosporus and Lagenidium giganteum for control of the salt marsh mosquito, Aedes taeniorhynchus. Mosq News 1982;42:594-602.
- Cuda JP, Hornby JA, Cotterill B, Cattell M. Evaluation of Lagenidium giganteum for biocontrol of Mansonia mosquitoes in Florida (Diptera: Culicidae). Biol Control 1997;8:124-30. https://doi.org/10.1006/bcon.1996.0497
- Kerwin JL, Washino RK. Ground and aerial application of the asexual stage of Lagenidium giganteum for control of mosquitoes associated with rice culture in the Central Valley of California. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1987;3:59-64.
- Becnel JJ, Garcia J, Johnson M. Effects of three larvicides on the production of Aedes albopictus based on removal of pupal exuviae. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1996;12:499-502.
- Seymour RL. Leptolegnia chapmanii, an oomycete pathogen of mosquito larvae. Mycologia 1984;76:670-4. https://doi.org/10.2307/3793224
- Nnakumusana ES. Histopathological studies on the progress of infection of Leptolegnia sp (SC-1) in Anopheles gambiae larvae exposed to zoospores in the laboratory. Curr Sci 1986;55:633-6.
- Su XQ, Zou FH, Guo Q, Huang J, Chen TX. A report on a mosquito-killing fungus, Pythium carolinianum. Fungal Divers 2001;7:129-33.
- Tanabe Y, O'Donnell K, Saikawa M, Sugiyama J. Molecular phylogeny of parasitic zygomycota (Dimargaritales, zoopagales) based on nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2000;16:253-62. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.2000.0775
- Beard CE, Adler PH. Seasonality of trichomycetes in larval black flies from South Carolina, USA. Mycologia 2002;94:200-9. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761796
- Humber RA. Fungi: identification. In: Lacey LA, editor. Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology. San Diego: Academic Press; 1997, p. 153-85.
- Eilenberg J. Entomophthorales on Diptera. In: Papp L, Darvas B, editors. Contributions to a manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Budapest: Science Herald; 2000, p. 521-33.
- Coluzzi M. Experimental infections with Rubetella fungi in Anopheles gambiae and other mosquitoes. In: Proceedings of the First International Congress of Parasitology; 1964 Sep 21-26; Rome, Italy. London: Elsevier; 1966. p. 592-3.
- Dubitzij AM. Biological control of bloodsucking flies in the USSR. Alma Ata: Kazachstan Academy of Sciences; 1978.
- Sweeney AW. An undescribed species of Smittium (Trichomycetes) pathogenic to mosquito larvae in Australia. Trans Br Mycol Soc 1981;77:55-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(81)80179-9
- Garca JJ, Campos RE, Maci A. Survey of natural enemies of Culicidae (Diptera) of marginal forest of Punta Lara (Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina). Revista Acad Colombiana Cienc Exact Fs Natur 1994;19:209-15.
- Kramer JP. Entomophthora culicis (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales) as a pathogen of adult Aedes aegypti (diptera, culicidae). Aquat Insects 1982;4:73-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650428209361085
- Kramer JP. Pathogenicity of the fungus Entomophthora culicis for adult mosquitoes: Anopheles stephensi and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. J New York Entomol Soc 1983;91:177-82.
- Wilding N. The survival of Entomophthora spp. in mummified aphids at different temperatures and humidities. J Invertebr Pathol 1973;21:309-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(73)90217-6
- Federici BA. The future of microbial insecticides as vector control agents. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1995;11:260-8.
- Darbro JM, Graham RI, Kay BH, Ryan PA, Thomas MB. Evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi as potential biological control agents of the dengue mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Biocontrol Sci Technol 2011;21:1027-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2011.597913
- Khetan S. Microbial pest control. New York: Marcel Dekker;2001.
- Farenhorst M, Mouatcho JC, Kikankie CK, Brooke BD, Hunt RH, Thomas MB, Koekemoer LL, Knols BG, Coetzee M. Fungal infection counters insecticide resistance in African malaria mosquitoes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:17443-7. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908530106
- McInnis Jr. T, Zattau WC. Experimental infection of mosquito larvae by a species of the aquatic fungus Leptolegnia. J Invertebr Pathol 1982;39:98-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(82)90163-X
- Nnakumusana ES. Laboratory infection of mosquito larvae by entomopathogenic fungi with particular refernce to Aspergillus parasiticus and its effects on the fecundity and longivity of mosquitoes exposed to conidial infection in larval stages. Curr Sci 1985;54:1221-8.
- Golkar L, LeBrun RA, Ohayon H, Gounon P, Papierok B, Brey PT. Variation of Larval Susceptibility to Lagenidium giganteum in Three Mosquito Species. J Invertebr Pathol 1993;62:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1993.1066
- Frances SP, Sweeney AW, Humber RA. Crypticola clavulifera gen. et sp. nov. and Lagenidium giganteum: oomycetes pathogenic for dipterans infesting leaf axils in an Australian rain forest . J Invertebr Pathol 1989;54:103-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(89)90146-8
- Shoulkamy MA, Lucarotti CJ, El-Ktatny MST, Hassan SKM. Factors affecting Coelomomyces stegomyiae infections in adult Aedes aegypti. Mycologia 1997;89:830-6. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761103
- Steinkraus DC, Kramer JP. Susceptibility of sixteen species of Diptera to the fungal pathogen Entomophthora muscae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthoraceae). Mycopathologia 1987;100:55-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00769569
- Cuebas-Incle EL. Infection of adult mosquitoes by the entomopathogenic fungus Erynia conica (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae). J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1992;8:367-71.
- Dumas JL, Papierok B. Virulence of Entomophthorale Zoophthora radicans (Zygomycetes) against adult Aedes aegypti (Dipt.: Culicidae). Entomophaga 1989;34:321-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372471
- Pinnock DE, Garcia R, Cubbin CM. Beauveria tenella as a control agent for mosquito larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 1973;22:143-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(73)90125-0
- Ramoska WA, Watts S, Watts HA. Effects of sand formulated Metarhizium anisopliae spores on larvae of three mosquito species. Mosq News 1981;41:725-8.
- Agarwala SP, Sagar SK, Sehgal SS. Use of mycelial suspension and metabolites of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Fungi: Hyphomycetes) in control of Aedes aegypti larvae. J Commun Dis 1999;31:193-6.
- Goettel MS. Pathogenesis of the Hyphomycete Tolypocladium cylindrosporum in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. J Invertebr Pathol 1988;51:259-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(88)90033-X
- Fukuda T, Willis OR, Barnard DR. Parasites of the Asian tiger mosquito and other container-inhabiting mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in northcentral Florida. J Med Entomol 1997;34:226-33. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/34.2.226
- Laird M, Mogi M, Sota T. Nothernmost occurrences of the protistan pathogen, Coelomomyces stegomyiae var. stegomyiae. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1992;8:430-2.
- Ravallec M, Riba G, Vey A. Aedes albopictus sensitivity (Diptera: Culicidae) in Hyhomycete entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae. Entomophaga 1989;34:209-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372670
- Pillai JS, Rakai I. Coelomomyces macleayae Laird, a parasite of Aedes polynesiensis marks in Fiji. J Med Entomol 1970;7:125-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/7.1.125
- Padua LE, Whisler HC, Gabriel BP, Zebold SL. In vivo culture and life cycle of Coelomomyces stegomyiae. J Invertebr Pathol 1986;48:284-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(86)90056-X
- Popelkova Y. Coelomomyces from Aedes cinereus and a mosquito iridescent virus of Aedes cantans in Sweden. J Invertebr Pathol 1982;40:48-9.
- Goettel MS. Field incidence of mosquito pathogens and parasites in central Alberta. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1987;3:231-8.
- Breaud TP, Crabbe JR, Majori G. The isolation of Fusarium oxysporum from a natural population of Aedes detritus in Italy. Mosq News 1980;40:654.
- Sur B, Bihari V, Sharma A, Basu SK. Survey of termiteinhabited soil and mosquito breeding sites in Lucknow, India for potential mycopathogens of Anopheles stephensi. Mycopathologia 1998-1999;144:77-80.
- Gardner JM, Pillai JS. Tolypocladium cylindrosporum (Deuteromycotina: Moniliales) a fungal pathogen of the mosquito Aedes australis. III. Field trials against two mosquito species. Mycopathologia 1987;97:83-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00436842
- Sigler L, Frances SP, Panter C. Culicinomyces bisporalis, a new entomopathogenic hyphomycete from larvae of the mosquito Aedes kochi. Mycologia 1987;79:493-500. https://doi.org/10.2307/3807586
- Knight AL. Host range and temperature requirements of Culicinomyces clavosporus. J Invertebr Pathol 1980;36:423-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(80)90048-8
- Couch JN, Romney SV, Rao B. A new fungus which attacks mosquitoes and related Diptera. Mycologia 1974;66:374-9. https://doi.org/10.2307/3758377
- Frances SP. Record of the mosquito pathogenic fungus Culicinomyces clavisporus Couch, Romney and Rao infecting larvae of Culiseta inconspicua Lee (Diptera: Culicidae) in Victoria. Aust J Entomol 1986;25:60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1986.tb01070.x
- Muspratt J. Destruction of the larvae of Anopheles gambiae Giles by a Coelomomyces fungus. Bull World Health Organ 1963;29:81-6.
- Rueda LM, Patel KJ, Axtell RC. Comparison of floating and sinking encapsulated formulations of the fungus Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) for control of Anopheles larvae. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1991;7:250-4.
- Bisht GS, Joshi C, Khulbe RD. Watermolds: Potential biological control agents of malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies. Curr Sci 1996;70:393-5.
- Kerwin JL, Dritz DA, Washino RK. Pilot scale production and application in wildlife ponds of Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales). J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1994;10:451-5.
- Clark TB, Kellen WR, Lindegren JE, Sanders RD. Pythium sp. (Phycomycetes: Pythiales) pathogenic to mosquito larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 1966;8:351-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(66)90049-8
- Service MW. Mortalities of the immature stages of species B of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Kenya: comparison between rice fields and temporary pools, identification of predators, and effects of insecticidal spraying. J Med Entomol 1977;13: 535-45. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/13.4-5.535
- Whisler HC, Gabriel BP, Chanpaisaeng J, Zebold SL, Padua LE. Observations on the life cycle of Coelomomyces indicus (Blastocladiales: Coelomomycetaceae) in Anopheline mosquitoes from the Philippines and Thailand. J Med Entomol 1999;36:695-701. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/36.6.695
- Geetha I, Balaraman K. Effect of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana on larvae of three species of mosquitoes. Indian J Exp Biol 1999;37:1148-50.
- Daoust RA, Ward MG, Roberts DW. Effect of formulationon the virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae conidia against mosquito larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 1982;40:228-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(82)90120-3
- Ravindranath G. Isolation and extraction of Trichoderminfrom Fusarium pallidoroseum, a fungal pathogen of Anopheles stephensi. Indian J Microbiol 1991;31:267-9.
- Mohanty SS, Prakash S. Laboratory evaluation of Trichophyton ajelloi, a fungal pathogen of Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2000;16:254-7.
- Weiser J, Zaim M, Saebi E. Coelomomyces irani sp.n. infecting Anopheles maculipennis in Iran. J Invertebr Pathol 1991;57:290-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(91)90130-I
- Maffi M, Nolan RA. Coelomomyces lairdi, n. sp., a fungal parasite of larvae of the Anopheles (Cellia) punctulatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) from the highlands of Irian Jaya (Indonesian New Guinea). J Med Entomol 1977;14:29-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/14.1.29
- Ribeiro H, Ramos Had C. Coelomomyces numularius sp. nov. (Blastocladiales: Coelomomycetaceae), a new fungal parasite of Anopheles squamosus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Angola, Africa. J Med Entomol 2000;37:962-4. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-37.6.962
- Sweeney AW. The effects of temperature on the mosquito pathogenic fungus Culicinomyces. Aus J Zool 1978;26:47-53. https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9780047
- Sweeney AW. The effects of salinity on the mosquito pathogenic fungus Culicinomyces. Aus J Zool 1978;26:55-9. https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9780055
- Rueda LM, Patel KJ, Axtell RC. Efficacy of encapsulated Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti larvae in artificial containers. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1990;6:694-9.
- Lowe RE, Kennel EW. Pathogenicity of the fungus Entomophthora coronata in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Aedes taeniorhynchus. Mosq News 1972;32:614-20.
- Woodring JL, Kaya HK, Kerwin JL. Lagenidium giganteum in Culex tarsalis larvae: production of infective propagules. J Invertebr Pathol 1995;66:25-32. https://doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1995.1056
- Mietkiewski R, Van der Geest LP. Notes on entomophthoraceous fungi infecting insects in the Netherlands. Entomolog Ber 1985;45:190-2.
- Crisan EV. Mechanism responsible for release of toxin by Metarhizium spores in mosquito larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 1971;17:260-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(71)90101-7
- Badran RA, Aly MZ. Studies on the mycotic inhabitants of Culex pipiens collected from fresh water ponds in Egypt. Mycopathologia 1995;132:105-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01103782
- Ribeiro H. Coelomomyces angolensis, new species (Blastocladiales: Coelomomycetaceae): A fungal parasite of the mosquito Culex guiarti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Angola, Africa. J Med Entomol 1992;29:30-2. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/29.1.30
- Apperson CS, Federici BA, Tarver FR, Stewart W. Biotic and abiotic parameters associated with an epizootic of Coelomomyces punctatus in a larval population of the mosquito Anopheles quadrimaculatus. J Invertebr Pathol 1992;60:219-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(92)90002-L