References
- Weinberg GL, VadeBoncouer T, Ramaraju GA, Garcia- Amaro MF, Cwik MJ. Pretreatment or resuscitation with a lipid infusion shifts the dose-response to bupivacaineinduced asystole in rats. Anesthesiology 1998;88:1071-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199804000-00028
- Rosenblatt MA, Abel M, Fischer GW, Itzkovich CJ, Eisenkraft JB. Successful use of a 20% lipid emulsion to resuscitate a patient after a presumed bupivacaine-related cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 2006;105:217-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200607000-00033
- Shin IW, Sohn JT. Lipid emulsion treatment of systemic toxicity induced by local anesthetics or other drugs. J Korean Med Assoc 2014;57:537-44. https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2014.57.6.537
- Cao D, Heard K, Foran M, Koyfman A. Intravenous lipid emulsion in the emergency department: a systematic review of recent literature. J Emerg Med 2015;48:387-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.10.009
- Waring WS. Intravenous lipid administration for druginduced toxicity: a critical review of the existing data. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012;5:437-44. https://doi.org/10.1586/ecp.12.27
- Taftachi F, Sanaei-Zadeh H, Sepehrian B, Zamani N. Lipid emulsion improves Glasgow coma scale and decreases blood glucose level in the setting of acute nonlocal anesthetic drug poisoning--a randomized controlled trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012;16 Suppl 1:38-42.
- Gil HW, Park JS, Park SH, Hong SY. Effect of intravenous lipid emulsion in patients with acute glyphosate intoxication. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013;51:767-71. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2013.821129
- Cave G, Harvey M, Willers J, Uncles D, Meek T, Picard J, et al. LIPAEMIC report: results of clinical use of intravenous lipid emulsion in drug toxicity reported to an online lipid registry. J Med Toxicol 2014;10:133-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-013-0375-y
- Cole JB, Stellpflug SJ, Engebretsen KM. Asystole immediately following intravenous fat emulsion for overdose. J Med Toxicol 2014;10:307-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-014-0382-7
- Haesendonck R, de Winter S, Verelst S, Sabbe MB. Intravenous lipid emulsion for intentional Chloroquine poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012;50:223. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2011.653488
- Kundu R, Almasri H, Moza A, Ghose A, Assaly R. Intravenous lipid emulsion in wide complex arrhythmia with alternating bundle branch block pattern from cocaine overdose. Kardiol Pol 2013;71:1073-5.
- Moon HJ, Lee JW. Availability of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy on endosulfan-induced cardiovascular collapse. Am J Emerg Med 2013;31:886.e1-2.
- ten Tusscher BL, Beishuizen A, Girbes AR, Swart EL, van Leeuwen RW. Intravenous fat emulsion therapy for intentional propafenone intoxication. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011;49:701. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2011.597033
- Levine M, Skolnik AB, Ruha AM, Bosak A, Menke N, Pizon AF. Complications following antidotal use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy. J Med Toxicol 2014;10:10-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-013-0356-1
- West PL, McKeown NJ, Hendrickson RG. Iatrogenic lipid emulsion overdose in a case of amlodipine poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010;48:393-6. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563651003670843
- Punja M, Neill SG, Wong S. Caution with interpreting laboratory results after lipid rescue therapy. Am J Emerg Med 2013;31:1536.e1-2.
- Geib AJ, Liebelt E, Manini AF. Clinical experience with intravenous lipid emulsion for drug-induced cardiovascular collapse. J Med Toxicol 2012;8:10-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-011-0187-x
- Neal JM, Mulroy MF, Weinberg GL. American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine checklist for managing local anesthetic systemic toxicity: 2012 version. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2012;37:16-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/AAP.0b013e31822e0d8a
- Vanden Hoek TL, Morrison LJ, Shuster M, Donnino M, Sinz E, Lavonas EJ, et al. Part 12: cardiac arrest in special situations: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2010;122:S829-61. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971069
- Calenda E, Dinescu SA. Failure of lipid emulsion to reverse neurotoxicity after an ultrasound-guided axillary block with ropivacaine and mepivacaine. J Anesth 2009;23:472-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-009-0755-2
- Aveline C, Cognet F, Bonnet F. Ineffectiveness of intralipid infusion for central nervous toxicity following ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve block with lidocaine-ropivacaine solution: interaction between carbamazepine, local anaesthetic and intralipid? Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010;27:1070-2. https://doi.org/10.1097/EJA.0b013e32833d17f1
- Mirtallo JM, Dasta JF, Kleinschmidt KC, Varon J. State of the art review: Intravenous fat emulsions: Current applications, safety profile, and clinical implications. Ann Pharmacother 2010;44:688-700. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1M626
- French D, Smollin C, Ruan W, Wong A, Drasner K, Wu AH. Partition constant and volume of distribution as predictors of clinical efficacy of lipid rescue for toxicological emergencies. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011;49:801-9. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2011.617308
- Weinberg GL. Lipid emulsion infusion: resuscitation for local anesthetic and other drug overdose. Anesthesiology 2012;117:180-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31825ad8de
- ACMT position statement: interim guidance for the use of lipid resuscitation therapy. J Med Toxicol 2011;7:81-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-010-0125-3
- Cave G, Harvey M, Graudins A. Intravenous lipid emulsion as antidote: a summary of published human experience. Emerg Med Australas 2011;23:123-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-6723.2011.01398.x
- Jamaty C, Bailey B, Larocque A, Notebaert E, Sanogo K, Chauny JM. Lipid emulsions in the treatment of acute poisoning: a systematic review of human and animal studies. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010;48:1-27. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650903544124
- Cave G, Harvey M. Intravenous lipid emulsion as antidote beyond local anesthetic toxicity: a systematic review. Acad Emerg Med 2009;16:815-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00499.x
- Bilotta F, Titi L, Rosa G. Local anesthetic-induced complete atrioventricular block during awake craniotomy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2012;24:238.
- Charbonneau H, Marcou TA, Mazoit JX, Zetlaoui PJ, Benhamou D. Early use of lipid emulsion to treat incipient mepivacaine intoxication. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2009;34:277-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/AAP.0b013e31819340be
- Espinet AJ, Emmerton MT. The successful use of intralipid for treatment of local anesthetic-induced central nervous system toxicity: Some considerations for administration of intralipid in an emergency. Clin J Pain 2009;25:808-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181af739e
- Foxall G, McCahon R, Lamb J, Hardman JG, Bedforth NM. Levobupivacaine-induced seizures and cardiovascular collapse treated with Intralipid. Anaesthesia 2007;62:516-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05065.x
- Gallagher C, Tan JM, Foster CG. Lipid rescue for bupivacaine toxicity during cardiovascular procedures. Heart Int 2010;5:e5.
- Landy C, Gagnon N, Boulland P, Raynaud L, Plancade D. Seizures associated with local anaesthetic intoxication. Br J Anaesth 2012;109:463-4; author reply 4. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aes286
- Lange DB, Schwartz D, DaRoza G, Gair R. Use of intravenous lipid emulsion to reverse central nervous system toxicity of an iatrogenic local anesthetic overdose in a patient on peritoneal dialysis. Ann Pharmacother 2012;46:e37.
- Litz RJ, Popp M, Stehr SN, Koch T. Successful resuscitation of a patient with ropivacaine-induced asystole after axillary plexus block using lipid infusion. Anaesthesia 2006;61:800-1. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2006.04740.x
- Litz RJ, Roessel T, Heller AR, Stehr SN. Reversal of cen-tral nervous system and cardiac toxicity after local anesthetic intoxication by lipid emulsion injection. Anesth Analg 2008;106:1575-7, table of contents. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e3181683dd7
- Marwick PC, Levin AI, Coetzee AR. Recurrence of cardiotoxicity after lipid rescue from bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 2009;108:1344-6. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e3181979e17
- McCutchen T, Gerancher JC. Early intralipid therapy may have prevented bupivacaine-associated cardiac arrest. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2008;33:178-80.
- Mizutani K, Oda Y, Sato H. Successful treatment of ropivacaine-induced central nervous system toxicity by use of lipid emulsion: effect on total and unbound plasma fractions. J Anesth 2011;25:442-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-011-1125-4
- Nguyen VH, White JL. Further support for the early administration of lipid emulsion in the treatment of ropivacaine-induced central nervous system toxicity. J Anesth 2012;26:479-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-012-1331-8
- Scherrer V, Compere V, Loisel C, Dureuil B. Cardiac arrest from local anesthetic toxicity after a field block and transversus abdominis plane block: a consequence of miscommunication between the anesthesiologist and surgeon. A Case Rep 2013;1:75-6.
- Shih YH, Chen CH, Wang YM, Liu K. Successful reversal of bupivacaine and lidocaine-induced severe junctional bradycardia by lipid emulsion following infraclavicular brachial plexus block in a uremic patient. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan 2011;49:72-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aat.2011.05.005
- Smith HM, Jacob AK, Segura LG, Dilger JA, Torsher LC. Simulation education in anesthesia training: a case report of successful resuscitation of bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest linked to recent simulation training. Anesth Analg 2008;106:1581-4, table of contents. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e31816b9478
- Sonsino DH, Fischler M. Immediate intravenous lipid infusion in the successful resuscitation of ropivacaineinduced cardiac arrest after infraclavicular brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2009;34:276-7.
- Spence AG. Lipid reversal of central nervous system symptoms of bupivacaine toxicity. Anesthesiology 2007;107:516-7.
- Varela H, Bums SM. Use of lipid emulsions for treatment of local anesthetic toxicity: a case report. Aana j 2010;78:359-64.
- Warren JA, Thoma RB, Georgescu A, Shah SJ. Intravenous lipid infusion in the successful resuscitation of local anesthetic-induced cardiovascular collapse after supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg 2008;106:1578-80, table of contents. https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000281434.80883.88
- Whiteman DM, Kushins SI. Successful Resuscitation With Intralipid After Marcaine Overdose. Aesthet Surg J 2014;34:738-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090820X14531983
- Whiteside J. Reversal of local anaesthetic induced CNS toxicity with lipid emulsion. Anaesthesia 2008;63:203-4.
- Abdelmalek D, Schwarz ES, Sampson C, Halcomb SE, McCammon C, Arroyo-Plasencia A, et al. Life-threatening diphenhydramine toxicity presenting with seizures and a wide complex tachycardia improved with intravenous fat emulsion. Am J Ther 2014;21:542-4. https://doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0b013e318281191b
- Agarwala R, Ahmed SZ, Wiegand TJ. Prolonged use of intravenous lipid emulsion in a severe tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Med Toxicol 2014;10:210-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-013-0353-4
- Arora NP, Berk WA, Aaron CK, Williams KA. Usefulness of intravenous lipid emulsion for cardiac toxicity from cocaine overdose. Am J Cardiol 2013;111:445-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.10.022
- Arslan ED, Demir A, Yilmaz F, Kavalci C, Karakilic E, Celikel E. Treatment of quetiapine overdose with intravenous lipid emulsion. Keio J Med 2013;62:53-7. https://doi.org/10.2302/kjm.2012-0010-CR
- Bartos M, Knudsen K. Use of intravenous lipid emulsion in the resuscitation of a patient with cardiovascular collapse after a severe overdose of quetiapine. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013;51:501-4. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2013.803229
- Blaber MS, Khan JN, Brebner JA, McColm R. "Lipid rescue" for tricyclic antidepressant cardiotoxicity. J Emerg Med 2012;43:465-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.09.010
- Boegevig S, Rothe A, Tfelt-Hansen J, Hoegberg LC. Successful reversal of life threatening cardiac effect following dosulepin overdose using intravenous lipid emulsion. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011;49:337-9. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2011.566880
- Bologa C, Lionte C, Coman A, Sorodoc L. Lipid emulsion therapy in cardiodepressive syndrome after diltiazem overdose--case report. Am J Emerg Med 2013;31:1154.e3-4.
- Bowler M, Nethercott DR. Two lessons from the empiric management of a combined overdose of liraglutide and amitriptyline. A A Case Rep 2014;2:28-30. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACC.0b013e3182a526fa
- Castanares-Zapatero D, Wittebole X, Huberlant V, Morunglav M, Hantson P. Lipid emulsion as rescue therapy in lamotrigine overdose. J Emerg Med 2012;42:48-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.11.055
- Dagtekin O, Marcus H, Muller C, Bottiger BW, Spohr F. Lipid therapy for serotonin syndrome after intoxication with venlafaxine, lamotrigine and diazepam. Minerva Anestesiol 2011;77:93-5.
- Ellsworth H, Stellpflug SJ, Cole JB, Dolan JA, Harris CR. A life-threatening flecainide overdose treated with intravenous fat emulsion. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2013;36:e87-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2012.03485.x
- Engels PT, Davidow JS. Intravenous fat emulsion to reverse haemodynamic instability from intentional amitriptyline overdose. Resuscitation 2010;81:1037-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.04.009
- Finn SD, Uncles DR, Willers J, Sable N. Early treatment of a quetiapine and sertraline overdose with Intralipid. Anaesthesia 2009;64:191-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05744.x
- Franxman TJ, Al-Nabhan M, Cavallazzi RS, Speak AJ. Lipid emulsion therapy for verapamil overdose. Ann Intern Med 2011;154:292. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-154-4-201102150-00018
- Han SK, Jeong J, Yeom S, Ryu J, Park S. Use of a lipid emulsion in a patient with refractory hypotension caused by glyphosate-surfactant herbicide. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010;48:566-8. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2010.496730
- Harvey M, Cave G. Case report: successful lipid resuscitation in multi-drug overdose with predominant tricyclic antidepressant toxidrome. Int J Emerg Med 2012;5:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1865-1380-5-8
- Hillyard SG, Barrera-Groba C, Tighe R. Intralipid reverses coma associated with zopiclone and venlafaxine overdose. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010;27:582-3.
- Jacob J, Heard K. Second case of the use of intravenous fat emulsion therapy for propafenone toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011;49:946-7. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2011.629202
- Jakkala-Saibaba R, Morgan PG, Morton GL. Treatment of cocaine overdose with lipid emulsion. Anaesthesia 2011;66:1168-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06895.x
- Jovic-Stosic J, Gligic B, Putic V, Brajkovic G, Spasic R. Severe propranolol and ethanol overdose with wide complex tachycardia treated with intravenous lipid emulsion: a case report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011;49:426-30. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2011.583251
- Kiberd MB, Minor SF. Lipid therapy for the treatment of a refractory amitriptyline overdose. Cjem 2012;14:193-7. https://doi.org/10.2310/8000.2011.110486
- Levine M, Brooks DE, Franken A, Graham R. Delayedonset seizure and cardiac arrest after amitriptyline overdose, treated with intravenous lipid emulsion therapy. Pediatrics 2012;130:e432-8. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2511
- Livshits Z, Feng Q, Chowdhury F, Amdo TD, Nelson LS, Hoffman RS. Life-threatening bupropion ingestion: is there a role for intravenous fat emulsion? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011;109:418-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00750.x
- Lung DD, Wu AH, Gerona RR. Cardiotoxicity in a citalopram and olanzapine overdose. J Emerg Med 2013;45:554-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.04.033
- Meaney CJ, Sareh H, Hayes BD, Gonzales JP. Intravenous lipid emulsion in the management of amlodipine overdose. Hosp Pharm 2013;48:848-54. https://doi.org/10.1310/hpj4810-848
- Nogar JN, Minns AB, Savaser DJ, Ly BT. Severe sodium channel blockade and cardiovascular collapse due to a massive lamotrigine overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011;49:854-7. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2011.617307
- Perza MN, Schneider LA, Rosini JM. Suspected tricyclic antidepressant overdose successfully treated with lipids. J Emerg Nurs 2013;39:296-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2013.01.010
- Scholten HA, Nap A, Bouwman RA, Biermann H. Intralipid as antidote for tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs: a case report. Anaesth Intensive Care 2012;40:1076-7.
- Sirianni AJ, Osterhoudt KC, Calello DP, Muller AA, Waterhouse MR, Goodkin MB, et al. Use of lipid emulsion in the resuscitation of a patient with prolonged cardiovascular collapse after overdose of bupropion and lamotrigine. Ann Emerg Med 2008;51:412-5, 5.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.06.004
- Watt P, Malik D, Dyson L. Gift of the glob--is it foolproof? Anaesthesia 2009;64:1031-3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06048.x
- Weinberg G, Di Gregorio G, Hiller D, Hewett A, Sirianni A. Reversal of haloperidol-induced cardiac arrest by using lipid emulsion. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:737-8.
- Wilson BJ, Cruikshank JS, Wiebe KL, Dias VC, Yarema MC. Intravenous lipid emulsion therapy for sustained release diltiazem poisoning: a case report. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol 2012;19:e218-22.
- You Y, Jung WJ, Lee MJ. Effect of intravenous fat emulsion therapy on glyphosate-surfactant-induced cardiovascular collapse. Am J Emerg Med 2012;30:2097.e1-2.
- Young AC, Velez LI, Kleinschmidt KC. Intravenous fat emulsion therapy for intentional sustained-release verapamil overdose. Resuscitation 2009;80:591-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.01.023
- Yurtlu BS, Hanci V, Gur A, Turan IO. Intravenous lipid infusion restores consciousness associated with olanzapine overdose. Anesth Analg 2012;114:914-5. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e318213f377