DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Wind Stability of Commercially Important Tree Species and Silvicultural Implications, Daegwallyeong Korea

대관령 지역 경제림에 대한 내풍 안정성 분석 및 임업적 적용

  • Moktan, Mani Ram (Division of Forest Soil and Water Conservation, Department of Forest Conservation, Korea Forest Research Institute) ;
  • Kwon, Jino (Division of Forest Soil and Water Conservation, Department of Forest Conservation, Korea Forest Research Institute) ;
  • Lim, Joo-Hoon (Division of Forest Soil and Water Conservation, Department of Forest Conservation, Korea Forest Research Institute) ;
  • Shin, Moon-Hyun (Division of Forest Soil and Water Conservation, Department of Forest Conservation, Korea Forest Research Institute) ;
  • Park, Chan-Woo (Division of Forest Soil and Water Conservation, Department of Forest Conservation, Korea Forest Research Institute) ;
  • Bae, Sang-Won (Division of Forest Soil and Water Conservation, Department of Forest Conservation, Korea Forest Research Institute)
  • 마니 람 목탄 (국립산림과학원 산림보전부 산림수토보전과) ;
  • 권진오 (국립산림과학원 산림보전부 산림수토보전과) ;
  • 임주훈 (국립산림과학원 산림보전부 산림수토보전과) ;
  • 신문현 (국립산림과학원 산림보전부 산림수토보전과) ;
  • 박찬우 (국립산림과학원 산림보전부 산림수토보전과) ;
  • 배상원 (국립산림과학원 산림보전부 산림수토보전과)
  • Received : 2014.08.13
  • Accepted : 2015.03.04
  • Published : 2015.03.30

Abstract

This study compares the wind stability of Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr., Pinus koraiensis Sie. & Zucc. and Abies holophylla Maxim. to understand and inform wind risk management of these plantation trees at Daegwallyeong, Korea. Temporary square plots of $20m{\times}20m$ ($400m^2$) were laid out, and DBH (Diameter at Breast Height) and height for trees greater than 10 cm in DBH were measured by species. A total of 15 plots with 5 plots each in L. kaempferi, P. koraiensis and A. holophylla stands were sampled at random. Among the species, A. holophylla and P. koraiensis have comparatively lower h/d (Height/DBH) ratios than L. kaempferi. These results indicate that the former two species are more wind firm than the latter species. About 9% of the L. kaempferi trees have higher h/d ratios than the critical threshold limit 80. These trees are vulnerable to wind damage and should be removed in the next thinning regime. The analysis of variance detected a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the h/d ratios and Gini coefficient indicating species differences and DBH size variation, respectively. Gini coefficient was 16.4% in A. holophylla, 15.9% in P. koraiensis and 14% in L. kaempferi stands indicating limited DBH size variation. Lower h/d ratios are attributed to thinning in these stands and tree morphological differences. To increase wind firmness, low thinning should concentrate to remove trees with the h/d ratio above 80 coinciding at the time of stand distinction phase. Forest managers and practitioners should measure and maintain h/d ratios of trees below the critical threshold limit of 80 through stand density management. Variable density thinning approach should be tested to increase tree DBH sizes of the even-aged stands.

본 연구는 대관령 특수조림지에 식재된 주요 경제수종인 잣나무, 전나무, 일본잎갈나무의 내풍 안정성을 비교 분석하여 조림지의 풍해관리에 대한 이해와 인식을 높이고자 수행되었다. 각 수종별로 5개씩 총 15개의 임시 방형구($20m{\times}20m$)를 설치하였으며, 흉고직경 10cm 이상의 수목에 대하여 수고 및 흉고직경을 측정하였다. 수종별 수고/흉고직경 비율(h/d 비율)을 분석한 결과 잣나무와 전나무가 일본잎갈나무에 비해 비교적 낮은 h/d 비율을 나타내어 내풍성이 상대적으로 높은 것으로 보인다. 약 9%의 일본잎갈나무가 내풍 임계치(80) 이상의 h/d 비율을 나타낸 것으로 조사되었으며 이들 수목들은 풍해에 매우 취약하여 다음 간벌 기간 동안 제거되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 분산분석 결과 수종별 h/d 비율과 흉고직경의 지니계수에서 각각 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 수종별 흉고직경의 지니계수는 전나무 16.4%, 잣나무 14%, 일본잎갈나무 14%로 나타났다. 낮은 h/d 비율은 수종별 형태학적 차이와 간벌 시업에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 수목의 내풍성을 향상시키기 위해서는 h/d 비율이 80 이상인 수목에 대한 하층간벌이 초기 혹은 임분 분화기(stand distinction phase)에 집중되어야 한다. 산림관리자와 시업자는 수목의 h/d 비율을 측정하고 임분 밀도를 관리하여 비율을 내풍 임계치인 80 이하 수준으로 유지하여야 한다. 따라서 동령림에서 수목의 흉고직경을 증가시키기 위해서는 h/d 비율이 높은 수목에 대한 택벌이 수행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Bae, S. W., J. Hwang, S. T. Lee, H. S. Kim, and J. M. Jeong, 2010: Changes in Soil Temperature, Moisture Content, Light Availability and Diameter Growth after Thinning in Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) Plantation. Journal of Korean Forest Society 99, 397-403 (in Korean with English abstract).
  2. Benjamin, L. R., and R. C. Hardwick, 1986: Sources of variation and measures of variability in even-aged stands of plants. Annals of Botany 58, 757-778. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087239
  3. Becquey, J., and P. Riou-Nivert, 1987: L existence de zones de stabilite des peuplements, Consequences surla gestion. Foret Entreprise 34, 323-334.
  4. Bitog, J. P., I. B. Lee, H. S. Hwang, M. H. Shin, S. W. Hong, I. H. Seo, E. Mostafa, and Z. Pang, 2011: A wind tunnel study on aerodynamic porosity and windbreak drag. Forest Science and Technology 7, 8-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2011.559939
  5. Bosshard, W., 1967: Erhebungen uber die Schaden der Windsturme. Schweiz Z Forstwes 118, 806-820.
  6. Cremer, K. W., C. J. Borough, F. H. McKinnell, and P. R. Carter, 1982: Effects of stocking and thinning on wind damage in plantations. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 12, 224-268.
  7. Cameron, A. D., 2002: Importance of early selective thinning in the development of long-term stand stability and improved log quality: a review. Forestry 75, 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/75.1.25
  8. Everham, E.M., and N. V. L. Brokaw, 1996: Forest damage and recovery from catastrophic wind. Botanical Review 62, 113-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857920
  9. Ennos, A. R., 1997: Wind as an ecological factor. Tree 12, 108-111.
  10. Foster, D. R., 1988: Species and stand response to catastrophic wind in central New England. Journal of Ecology 76, 135-151. https://doi.org/10.2307/2260458
  11. Givnish, T. J., 1995: Plant stems: biomechanical adaptation for energy capture and influence on species distributions. In B. Gartner, (ed), Plant stems: Physiology and Functional morphology. Academic Press, San Diego, 3-41 pp.
  12. Kim, D. G., 2010: Native tree species of tolerance to saline soil and salt spray drift at the coastal forests in the West Sea, Korea. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 24, 209-221.
  13. Knox, R. G., R. K. Peet, and N. L. Christensen, 1989: Population dynamics in loblolly pine stands: changes in skewness and size inequality. Ecology 70, 1153-1166. https://doi.org/10.2307/1941383
  14. Korea Forest Service, 2013: Statistical Yearbook of Forestry.
  15. Korea Meteorological Administration, 2012: Climate of Korea. Korea Meteorological Administration. http://web.kma.go.kr/eng/biz/climate_01.jsp. Accessed 11 June 2014.
  16. Korea Forest Service, 2009: Statistical Yearbook of Forestry.
  17. Korea Forest Research Institute, 2005: The Forest Soil Profiles in Korea. Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul.
  18. Korea Forest Research Institute, 2011: Trees and Flower in Bukak. Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul.
  19. Korea Forest Research Institute, 2010: Forest Eco-Atlas of Korea. Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul.
  20. Koh, K. B., 2012: Afforestration Status and Achievements of Daegwallyeong Special Plantation. Sangji University, Wonju. Korea (in Korean with English abstract).
  21. Kwon, J. O., K. J. Lee, and S. H. Jang, 2004: The planting models of maritime forest by the plant community structure analysis in the seaside, Incheon-A case study on Pinus thunbergii community and P. densiflora community. Journal of Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 31, 53-63 (in Korean with English abstract).
  22. Kwon, J., 2014: The Topography based knowledge for Forest Landscape Restoration in BDMS. Korea Forest Research Institute, Seoul.
  23. Mitchell, S. J., 2013: Wind as a natural disturbance agent in forests: a synthesis. Forestry 86, 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cps058
  24. Nilsson, U., 1994: Development of growth and stand structure in Picea abies stands planted at different initial densities. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 9, 135-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827589409382823
  25. OHara, K. L., and K. M. Waring, 2005: Forest restoration practices in the Pacific Northwest and California. In J. A. Stanturf, P. Madsen, (eds), Restoration of Boreal and Temperate Forests. CRC Press, Florida, 445-461 pp.
  26. Peltola, H., B. Gardiner, S. Kellomaki, T. Kolstrom, R. Lassig, J. M. Christopher Quine, and J. C. Ruel, 2000: Forest Ecology and Management 135, 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00293-0
  27. Peltola, H., S. Kellomaki, H. Vaisanen, and V. P. Ikonen, 1999: A mechanistic model for assessing the risk of wind and snow damage to single trees and stands of Scots pine, Norway spruce, and Birch. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, 647-661. https://doi.org/10.1139/x99-029
  28. Park, P. S., and Y. G. Jeon, 2010: Stand Structure and Seedling Recruitment of Abies holophylla stands in Yong-in Area, Gyeonggi-do. Journal of Korean Forest Society 99, 153-162 (in Korean with English abstract).
  29. Pyeongchang County Office., 2008: General condition. http://en.happy700.or.kr/index.happy Accessed 11 June 2014.
  30. Quine, C. P., M. Coutts, B. Gardiner, and G. Pyatt, 1995: Forests and wind: management to minimize damage. Bulletin of the U.K Forestry Commission, 114, 24 pp.
  31. Ruel, J. C., 1995: Understanding windthrow: silvicultural implications. Forestry Chronicle 71, 435-445.
  32. Rich, R. L., L. E. Frelich, and P. B. Reich, 2007: Wind-throw mortality in the southern boreal forest: effects of species, diameter and stand age. Journal of Ecology 95, 1261-1273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01301.x
  33. Schelhaas, M. J., 2008: The wind stability of different silvicultural systems for Douglas-fir in the Netherlands: a model-based approach. Forestry 81, 399-414. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpn028
  34. Schelhaas, M. J., K. Kramer, H. Peltola, D. C. van der Werf, and S. M. J. Wijdeven, 2007: Introducing tree interactions in wind damage simulation. Ecological Modelling 207, 197-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.04.025
  35. Schutz, J. P., M. Gotz, W. Schmid, and D. Mandallaz, 2006: Vulnerability of spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest stands to storms and consequences for silviculture. European Journal of Forest Research 125, 291-302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-006-0111-0
  36. Schmidt, W. C., and K. W. Seidel, 1988: Western larch and space: thinning to optimize growth. In W. C. Schmidt, (ed), Future forests of the Mountain West: A stand culture, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report, INT-243, 165-174 pp.
  37. Statistical Package for Social Sciences Inc., 2004: SPSS for Windows Release, Version 16.0. Chicago, USA.
  38. Stocker, G., 2002: Analysis and comparison of stand structures in natural spruce forests with Lorenz functions and Gini coefficients. Austrian Journal of Forest Science 119, 12-39 (in German with English summary).
  39. Stathers, R. J., T. P. Rollerson, and S. J. Mitchell, 1994. Windthrow handbook for British Columbia forests. British Columbia Ministry of Forests Working Paper 9401, Victoria. 31 pp.
  40. Seo, Y. W., D. S. Lee, E. S. Lee, and J. K. Choi, 2014: A study on Long-Term Monitoring of Major Coniferous Planting Trees (Pinus koraiensis, Pinus densiflora, Larix kaempferi) in Korea- A case study on Individual Growth Pattern by Stem Analysis. Proceedings of Symposium on Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management in Rapidly Changing World. Seoul National University. Korea. 68 pp.
  41. Thornburgh, D. A., R. F. Noss, D. P. Angelides, C. M. Olson, F. Euphrat, and H. H. Welsh, 2000: Managing redwoods. In R. F. Noss, (ed), The Redwood Forest: History, Ecology and Conservation of the Coast Redwoods. Washington, D.C Press, 229 pp.
  42. Valinger, E., and Pettersson, N, 1996: Wind and snow damage in a thinning and fertilization experiment in Picea abies in southern Sweden. Forestry 69, 29-33.
  43. Valinger, E., Lundqvist, L, and Brande, G, 1994: Wind and snow damage in a thinning and fertilization experiment in Pinus sylvestris. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 9, 129-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827589409382822
  44. Wonn, H. T., and K. L. O'Hara, 2001: Height: Diameter Ratios and Stability Relationships for Four Northern Rocky Mountain Tree Species. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 16, 87-94.
  45. Wilson, J. S., and C. D. Oliver, 2000: Stability and density management in Douglas-fir plantations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, 910-920. https://doi.org/10.1139/x00-027
  46. Wilson, J. S., 1998: Wind stability of naturally regenerated and planted Douglas fir stands in coastal Washington, Oregon and British Columbia. Ph.D. thesis. Washington Univ., 160 pp.
  47. Weiner, J., and O. T. Solbrig, 1984: The meaning and measurement of size hierarchies in plant populations. Oecologia 61, 334-336. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379630
  48. Wood, M. J., R. Scott, P. W. Volker, and D. J. Mannes, 2008: Wind throw in Tasmania, Australia: Monitoring, Prediction and Management. Forestry 81, 415-427. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpn005
  49. Xi, W., R. K. Peet, J. K. Decoster, and D. L. Urban, 2008: Tree damage risk factors associated with large, infrequent wind disturbances of Carolina forest. Forestry 81, 317-334. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpn020