Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment

Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Characteristics of the Major Atmospheric Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Yellow Sea

  • Park, Seung-Myung (Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Kim, Jeong-Soo (Transportation Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Lee, Gangwoong (Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies) ;
  • Jang, Yuwoon (Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies) ;
  • Lee, Meehye (Department of Environmental and Earth Science, Korea University) ;
  • Kang, Chang Hee (Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University) ;
  • Sunwoo, Young (Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University)
  • Received : 2014.09.17
  • Accepted : 2015.02.12
  • Published : 2015.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

We measured the concentrations of five aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, and styrene) in the atmosphere during four seasonal campaigns at Deokjeok and Jeju Islands in the Yellow Sea from October 2005 to June 2006. Toluene was the most abundant aromatic hydrocarbon, with median of 0.24 ppb at Deokjeok and 0.20 ppb at Jeju, followed by benzene (0.21 ppb, 0.15 ppb) and m,p-xylene (0.06 ppb, 0.06 ppb). Aromatic hydrocarbon measurements exhibited the typical seasonality of the major emission sources, such as vehicle exhaust, solvent evaporation, and regional circulation patterns. The ratios of m,p-xylene/ethylbenzene of 1.57 at Deokjeok and 1.05 at Jeju reflected the degree of proximity to outflows of each source region, South Korea and China. The toluene/benzene ratios of 1.0 were consistently both on field observations and on the 3-D chemical model simulation, which is slightly higher than that in the Western Pacific area. It implied that the air over the Yellow Sea was influenced to a great extent by the surrounding areas. We confirmed that current emission inventories of aromatic hydrocarbons in Northeast Asia reasonably reproduced temporal and spatial variations of toluene and benzene over the Yellow Sea.

Keywords

References

  1. Baker, A.K., Schuck, T.J., Slemr, F., van Velthoven, P., Zahn, A., Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M. (2011) Characterization of non-methane hydrocarbons in Asian summer monsoon outflow observed by the CARIBIC aircraft. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, 503-518, doi:10.5194/acp-11-503-2011.
  2. Barletta, B., Meinardi, S., Simpson, I.J., Atlas, E.L., Beyersdorf, A.J., Baker, A.K., Blake, N.J., Yang, M., Midyett, J.R., Novak, B.J., McKeachie, R.J., Fuelberg, H.E., Sachse, G.W., Avery, M.A., Campos, T., Weinheimer, A.J., Rowland, F.S., Blake, D.R. (2009) Characterization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Asian and North American pollution plumes during INTEX-B: identification of specific Chinese air mass tracers. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, 5371-5388. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5371-2009
  3. Blake, N.J., Blake, D.R., Chen, T.-Y., Collins Jr., J.E., Sachse, G.W., Anderson, B.E., Rowland, F.S. (1997) Distribution and seasonality of selected hydrocarbons and halocarbons over the western Pacific basin during PEM-West A and PEM-West B. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 28315-28331. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD02538
  4. Blake, N.J., Blake, D.R., Simpson, I.J., Meinardi, S., Swanson, A.L., Lopez, J.P., Katzenstein, A.S., Barletta, B., Shirai, T., Atlas, E., Sachse, G., Avery, M., Vay, S., Fuelberg, H.E., Kiley, C.M., Kita, K., Rowland, F.S. (2003) NMHCs and halocarbons in Asian continental outflow during the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) Field Campaign: Comparison With PEM-West B. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 8806, doi:10.1029/2002JD003367.
  5. Brocco, D., Fratarcangeli, R., Lepore, L., Petricca, M., Ventrone, I. (1997) Determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Rome. Atmospheric Environment 31, 557-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00226-9
  6. Carmichael, G.R., Zhang, Y., Chen, L.-L., Hong, M.-S., Ueda, H. (1996) Seasonal variation of aerosol composition at Cheju Island, Korea. Atmospheric Environment 30, 2407-2416. https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00230-8
  7. Chang, C.C., Sree, U., Lin, Y.S., Lo, J.G. (2005) An examination of 7:00-9:00 pm ambient air volatile organics in different seasons of Kaohsiung city, southern Taiwan. Atmospheric Environment 39, 867-884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.10.037
  8. Chen, L.-L., Carmichael, G.R., Hong, M.-S., Ueda, H., Shim, S., Song, C.H., Kim, Y.P., Arimoto, R., Prospero, J., Savoie, D., Murano, K., Park, J.K., Lee, H.-G., Kang, C. (1997) Influence of continental outflow events on the aerosol composition at Cheju Island, South Korea. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 28551-28574. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01431
  9. Clarkson, T.S., Martin, R.J., Rudolph, J., Graham, B.W.L. (1996) Benzene and toluene in New Zealand air. Atmospheric Environment 30, 569-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00312-6
  10. Dunker, A.M., Yarwood, G., Ortmann, J.P., Wilson, G.M. (2002) The decoupled direct method for sensitivity analysis in a Three-Dimensional air quality models implementation, accuracy, and efficiency. Environmental Science and Technology 36, 2965-2976. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0112691
  11. ENVIRON (2004) User's Guide Comprehensive Air Quality Model With Extensions (CAMx) Version 4.00. ENVIRON International Corporation, Novato, California (available at www.camx.com) January, 2004.
  12. Guo, H., Wang, T., Simpson, I.J., Blake, D.R., Yu, X.M., Kwok, Y.H., Li, Y.S. (2003) Source contributions to ambient VOCs and CO at a rural site in eastern China. Atmospheric Environment 38, 4551-4560.
  13. Hsieh, C.C., Tsai, J.H. (2003) VOC concentration characteristics in Southern Taiwan. Chemosphere 50, 545-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00275-8
  14. Huebert, B.J., Bates, T., Russell, P.B., Shi, G., Kim, Y.J., Kawamura, K., Carmichael, G., Nakajima, T. (2003) An overview of ACE-Asia: Strategies for quantifying the relationships between Asian aerosols and their climatic impacts. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 8633, doi:10.1029/2003JD003550.
  15. Iovino, P., Polverino, R., Salvestrini, S., Capasso, S. (2009) Temporal and spatial distribution of BTEX pollutants in the atmosphere of metropolitan areas and neighbouring towns. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 150, 437-444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0242-5
  16. Kato, S., Kajii, Y., Itokazu, R., Hirokawa, J., Kodae, S., Kinjo, Y. (2004) Transport of atmospheric carbon monoxide, ozone, and hydrocarbons from Chinese coast to Okinawa Island in the Western Pacific during winter. Atmospheric Environment 38, 2975-2981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.049
  17. Lee, S.C., Chiu, M.Y., Ho, K.F., Zou, S.C., Wang, X. (2002) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban atmosphere of Hong Kong. Chemosphere 48, 375-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00040-1
  18. Lee, M., Song, M., Moon, K.J., Han, J.S., Lee, G., Kim, K.-R. (2007) Origins and chemical characteristics of fine aerosols during the Northeastern Asia regional experiment (Atmospheric Brown Cloud-East Asia Regional Experiment 2005). Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D22S29, doi:10.1029/2006JD008210.
  19. Liu, P.-W.G., Yao, Y.C., Tsai, J.H., Hsu, Y.-C., Chang, L.-P., Chang, K.-H. (2008) Source impacts by volatile organic compounds in an industrial city of southern Taiwan. Science of the Total Environment 398, 154-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.053
  20. Lim, S., Lee, M., Lee, G., Kim, S., Yoon, S., Kang, K. (2011) Ionic and carbonaceous compositions of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 at Gosan ABC superstation and their ratios as source signature. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discuss 11, 20521-20573. https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-20521-2011
  21. McClenny, W.A., Colon, M. (1998) Measurement of volatile organic compounds by the US Environmental Protection Agency Compendium Method TO-17: Evaluation of performance criteria. Journal of Chromatography A 813, 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00327-6
  22. McClenny, W.A., Oliver, K.D., Jacumin Jr., H.H., Daughtrey Jr., E.H. (2002) Ambient level volatile organic compound (VOC) monitoring using solid adsorbents-Recent US EPA studies. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 4, 695-705. https://doi.org/10.1039/b203291k
  23. Monod, A., Sive, B.C., Avino, P., Chen, T., Blake, D.R., Rowland, F.S. (2001) Monoaromatic compounds in ambient air of various cities: A focus on correlations between the xylenes and ethylbenzene. Atmospheric Environment 35, 35-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00470-2
  24. Morino, Y., Ohara, T., Yokouchi, Y., Ooki, A. (2011) Comprehensive source apportionment of volatile organic compounds using observational data, two receptor models, and an emission inventory in Tokyo metropolitan area. Journal of Geophysical Research 116, D02311, doi:10.1029/2010JD014762.
  25. Morris, R.E., Lau, S., Yarwood, G. (2003) Development and application of an advanced air toxics hybrid photochemical grid modeling system. Presented at 96th Annual Conference and Exhibition of the A&WMA, San Diego, California.
  26. Na, K., Kim, Y.P. (2001) Seasonal characteristics of ambient volatile organic compounds in Seoul, Korea. Atmospheric Environment 35, 2603-2614. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00464-7
  27. Nelson, P.F., Quigley, S.M. (1983) The m,p-xylenes: ethylbenzene ratio. A technique for estimating hydrocarbon age in ambient atmospheres. Atmospheric Environment 17, 659-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(83)90141-5
  28. Ohara, T., Akimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Horii, N., Yamaji, K., Yan, X., Hayasaka, T. (2007) An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980-2020. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, 4419-4444. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4419-2007
  29. Rappengluck, B., Fabian, P., Kalabokas, P., Viras, L.G., Ziomas, I.C. (1998) Quasi-continuous measurements of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) in the greater Athens area during MEDCAPHOT-TRACE. Atmospheric Environment 32, 2103-2121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00430-5
  30. Sanchez, J.M., Sacks, R.D. (2004) On-line multi-bed sorption trap for VOC analysis of large-volume vapor samples: injection plug width, effects of water vapor and sample decomposition. Journal of Separation Science 28, 22-30.
  31. Schmidbauer, N., Oehme, M. (1988) Comparison of solid adsorbent and stainless steel canister sampling for very low ppt-concentrations of aromatic compounds (${\geq}C6$) in ambient air from remote areas. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 331, 14-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00473888
  32. Sin, D.W.M., Wong, Y.C., Louie, P.K.K. (2000) Monitoring of ambient volatile organic compounds at two urban sites in Hong Kong from 1997 to 1998. Indoor and Built Environment 9, 221-227.
  33. Street, D.G., Bond, T.C., Carmichael, G.R., Fernandes, S.D., Fu, Q., He, D., Klimont, Z., Nelson, S.M., Tsai, N.Y., Wang, M.Q., Woo, J.-H., Yarber, K.F. (2003) An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 8809, doi:10.1029/2002JD003093.
  34. Tanaka, P.L., Allen, D.T., McDonald-Buller, E.C., Chang, S., Kimura, Y., Mullins, C.B., Yarwood, G., Neece, J.D. (2003) Development of a chlorine mechanism for use in the carbon bond IV chemistry model. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 4145, doi:10.1029/2002JD002432.
  35. Tang, J.H., Chan, L.Y., Chang, C.C., Liu, S., Li, Y.S. (2009) Characteristics and sources of non-methane hydrocabons in background atmospheres of eastern, southwestern, and southern China. Journal of Geophysical Research 114, D03304, doi:10.1029/2008JD010333.
  36. Tesche, T.W., Morris, R., Tonnesen, G., McNally, D., Boylan, J., Brewer, P. (2006) CMAQ/CAMx annual 2002 performance evaluation over the eastern US. Atmospheric Environment 40, 4906-4919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.046
  37. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1999a) Compendium of methods for the determination of volatile organic compounds in ambient air using active sampling onto sorbent tubes. Compendium Method TO-17. U.S. EPA.
  38. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1999b) Compendium of methods for the determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air, Second Edition, Compendium Method TO-15. U.S. EPA.
  39. Wang, X., Mauzerall, D.L., Hu, Y., Russell, A.G., Larson, E.D., Woo, J.-H., Street, D.G., Guenther, A. (2005a) A high-resolution emission inventory for eastern China in 2000 and three scenarios for 2020. Atmospheric Environment 39, 5917-5933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.06.051
  40. Wang, T., Guo, H., Blake, D.R., Kwok, Y.H., Simpson, I.J., Li, Y.S. (2005b) Measurements of trace gases in the inflow of South China Sea background air and outflow of regional pollution at Tai O, Southern China. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 52, 295-317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-005-2219-x
  41. Yang, K.L., Lo, J.G. (1998) Volatile hydrocarbons (C6-C10) measurements at remote sites of Taiwan during the PEM-West A experiment(1991). Chemosphere 36, 1893-1902. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10060-1