The Korean Journal of Pain

The Korean Pain Society (대한통증학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Evaluation of Pain and Its Effect on Quality of Life and Functioning in Men with Spinal Cord Injury

  • Received : 2014.09.03
  • Accepted : 2014.12.24
  • Published : 2015.04.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Pain is one of the most important consequences of spinal cord injury (SCI). It may affect several aspects of life, especially the quality of life (QoL). Hence, this study was conducted to establish an understanding of pain and its correlates and effects on patients with SCI in our community. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 58 male veterans suffering from SCI were admitted to our center for a regular follow-up. Demographic and SCI-related descriptive information were gathered using a self-reported questionnaire. To evaluate the patients' pain quality and the effect of pain on daily life, a questionnaire in 3 parts of lumbar, cervical and shoulder pain was administered. EuroQoL questionnaire and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) 12 were also used to assess the patients' QoL. Results: The mean age of the participants was $45.91{\pm}6.69$ with mean injury time of $25.54{\pm}5.91$. forty-four patients (75.9%) reported pain, including lumbar pain (63%), cervical pain (39%) and shoulder pain (51%). The presence of pain was associated with lower QoL. Patients with lumbar pain reported a significant amount of pain affecting their daily life and this effect was higher in patients with lower GHQ score or anxiety/depressive disorder. Conclusions: Musculoskeletal pain, is a common complaint in veterans with SCI and is inversely associated with functioning and general health status. Lumbar and shoulder pain affects patient's daily living more than cervical pain.

Keywords

References

  1. de Miguel M, Kraychete DC. Pain in patients with spinal cord injury: a review. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2009; 59: 350-7. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942009000300011
  2. Siddall PJ, McClelland JM, Rutkowski SB, Cousins MJ. A longitudinal study of the prevalence and characteristics of pain in the first 5 years following spinal cord injury. Pain 2003; 103: 249-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00452-9
  3. Subbarao JV, Klopfstein J, Turpin R. Prevalence and impact of wrist and shoulder pain in patients with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 1995; 18: 9-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.1995.11719374
  4. Adriaansen JJ, Post MW, de Groot S, van Asbeck FW, Stolwijk-Swüste JM, Tepper M, et al. Secondary health conditions in persons with spinal cord injury: a longitudinal study from one to five years post-discharge. J Rehabil Med 2013; 45: 1016-22. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-1207
  5. Hu Y, Mak JN, Wong YW, Leong JC, Luk KD. Quality of life of traumatic spinal cord injured patients in Hong Kong. J Rehabil Med 2008; 40: 126-31. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0150
  6. Wollaars MM, Post MW, van Asbeck FW, Brand N. Spinal cord injury pain: the influence of psychologic factors and impact on quality of life. Clin J Pain 2007; 23: 383-91. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31804463e5
  7. Post M, Noreau L. Quality of life after spinal cord injury. J Neurol Phys Ther 2005; 29: 139-46. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NPT.0000282246.08288.67
  8. Putzke JD, Richards JS, Hicken BL, Ness TJ, Kezar L, DeVivo M. Pain classification following spinal cord injury: the utility of verbal descriptors. Spinal Cord 2002; 40: 118-27. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101269
  9. Siddall PJ, Taylor DA, Cousins MJ. Classification of pain following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 1997; 35: 69-75. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3100365
  10. Widerstrom-Noga E, Biering-Sorensen F, Bryce T, Cardenas DD, Finnerup NB, Jensen MP, et al. The international spinal cord injury pain basic data set. Spinal Cord 2008; 46: 818-23. https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2008.64
  11. Richards JS. Chronic pain and spinal cord injury: review and comment. Clin J Pain 1992; 8: 119-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199206000-00009
  12. Ragnarsson KT. Management of pain in persons with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 1997; 20: 186-99.
  13. Kim MJ, Hong BH, Zhang EJ, Ko YK, Lee WH. Antinociceptive effects of intraperitoneal and intrathecal vitamin E in the rat formalin test. Korean J Pain 2012; 25: 238-44. https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.2012.25.4.238
  14. Budh CN, Osteraker AL. Life satisfaction in individuals with a spinal cord injury and pain. Clin Rehabil 2007; 21: 89-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215506070313
  15. Donnelly C, Eng JJ. Pain following spinal cord injury: the impact on community reintegration. Spinal Cord 2005; 43: 278-82. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101702
  16. EuroQol Group. EuroQol--a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy 1990; 16: 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(90)90421-9
  17. Goldberg DP, Hillier VF. A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychol Med 1979; 9: 139-45. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700021644
  18. Rose M, Robinson JE, Ells P, Cole JD. Pain following spinal cord injury: results from a postal survey. Pain 1988; 34: 101-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(88)90187-X
  19. Nepomuceno C, Fine PR, Richards JS, Gowens H, Stover SL, Rantanuabol U, et al. Pain in patients with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1979; 60: 605-9.
  20. Fenollosa P, Pallares J, Cervera J, Pelegrin F, Inigo V, Giner M, et al. Chronic pain in the spinal cord injured: statistical approach and pharmacological treatment. Paraplegia 1993; 31: 722-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.1993.114
  21. Stormer S, Gerner HJ, Gruninger W, Metzmacher K, Follinger S, Wienke C, et al. Chronic pain/dysaesthesiae in spinal cord injury patients: results of a multicentre study. Spinal Cord 1997; 35: 446-55. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3100411
  22. Siddall PJ, Taylor DA, McClelland JM, Rutkowski SB, Cousins MJ. Pain report and the relationship of pain to physical factors in the first 6 months following spinal cord injury. Pain 1999; 81: 187-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00023-8
  23. Munro D. Two-year end-results in the total rehabilitation of veterans with spinal-cord and cauda-equina injuries. N Engl J Med 1950; 242: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM195001052420101
  24. New PW, Lim TC, Hill ST, Brown DJ. A survey of pain during rehabilitation after acute spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 1997; 35: 658-63. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3100472
  25. Werhagen L, Budh CN, Hultling C, Molander C. Neuropathic pain after traumatic spinal cord injury--relations to gender, spinal level, completeness, and age at the time of injury. Spinal Cord 2004; 42: 665-73. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101641
  26. Rintala DH, Loubser PG, Castro J, Hart KA, Fuhrer MJ. Chronic pain in a community-based sample of men with spinal cord injury: prevalence, severity, and relationship with impairment, disability, handicap, and subjective well-being. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 79: 604-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90032-6
  27. Demirel G, Yllmaz H, Gencosmanoglu B, Kesiktas N. Pain following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 1998; 36: 25-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3100523
  28. Haisma JA, van der Woude LH, Stam HJ, Bergen MP, Sluis TA, Post MW, et al. Complications following spinal cord injury: occurrence and risk factors in a longitudinal study during and after inpatient rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med 2007; 39: 393-8. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0067
  29. Westgren N, Levi R. Quality of life and traumatic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 79: 1433-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90240-4
  30. Norrbrink Budh C, Kowalski J, Lundeberg T. A comprehensive pain management programme comprising educational, cognitive and behavioural interventions for neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med 2006; 38: 172-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/16501970500476258
  31. Norrbrink Budh C, Hultling C, Lundeberg T. Quality of sleep in individuals with spinal cord injury: a comparison between patients with and without pain. Spinal Cord 2005; 43: 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101680
  32. Heuch I, Hagen K, Heuch I, Nygaard O, Zwart JA. The impact of body mass index on the prevalence of low back pain: the HUNT study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010; 35: 764-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181ba1531
  33. Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Hernandez-Barrera V, Alonso- Blanco C, Palacios-Cena D, Carrasco-Garrido P, Jimenez- Sanchez S, et al. Prevalence of neck and low back pain in community-dwelling adults in Spain: a population-based national study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011; 36: E213-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181d952c2
  34. Mann R, Schaefer C, Sadosky A, Bergstrom F, Baik R, Parsons B, et al. Burden of spinal cord injury-related neuropathic pain in the United States: retrospective chart review and cross-sectional survey. Spinal Cord 2013; 51: 564-70. https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2013.34
  35. Widerstrom-Noga EG, Felipe-Cuervo E, Yezierski RP. Chronic pain after spinal injury: interference with sleep and daily activities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001; 82: 1571-7. https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2001.26068
  36. Valtonen K, Karlsson AK, Alaranta H, Viikari-Juntura E. Work participation among persons with traumatic spinal cord injury and meningomyelocele1. J Rehabil Med 2006; 38: 192-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/16501970500522739
  37. Jensen MP, Hoffman AJ, Cardenas DD. Chronic pain in individuals with spinal cord injury: a survey and longitudinal study. Spinal Cord 2005; 43: 704-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101777

Cited by

  1. Prevalence of clinically probable obstructive sleep apnea in American veterans with chronic musculoskeletal pain vol.5, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HXR.0000511865.62678.78
  2. Computer-Assessed Preference-Based Quality of Life in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury vol.2017, pp.2314-6141, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4543610
  3. The Relationship Between Pain Interference and Psychosocial Well-Being Among Veterans With Spinal Cord Injuries/Disorders pp.0888-0395, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1097/JNN.0000000000000341
  4. What determines low satisfaction with life in individuals with spinal cord injury? pp.2045-7723, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2018.1466480
  5. Body and Corporality in adolescents and young adults with spinal cord injury vol.34, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v34n1a10
  6. Evaluation of a specialized yoga program for persons with a spinal cord injury: a pilot randomized controlled trial vol.10, pp.None, 2017, https://doi.org/10.2147/jpr.s130530
  7. Prevalence of Depression and Pain Among Patients with Spinal Cord Injury in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis vol.24, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5812/traumamon.87503
  8. Prevalence of Shoulder Pain in Spinal Cord Injury Patients Referring to the Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences vol.7, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5812/ans.96150
  9. Ultrasound-guided versus blind subacromial bursa corticosteroid injection for paraplegic spinal cord injury patients with rotator cuff tendinopathy: a randomized, single-blind clinical trial vol.131, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2020.1748620
  10. Amantadine prevented hypersensitivity and decreased oxidative stress by NMDA receptor antagonism after spinal cord injury in rats vol.25, pp.8, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1795