DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on Migration of Monomers from Kitchen Utensils Including PA, PU, ABS, and Acrylic Resin Plastics

폴리아마이드제 등 조리기구 중 모노머의 이행에 관한 연구

  • Choi, Jae-Chon (Food Additives and Packages Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety) ;
  • Park, Se-Jong (Food Additives and Packages Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety) ;
  • Park, Geon-Woo (Food Additives and Packages Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety) ;
  • Min, Hye-Kyoung (Imported food analysis division, Gyeogin Regional Food and Drug Administration) ;
  • Yang, Ji-Young (Imported food analysis division, Gyeogin Regional Food and Drug Administration) ;
  • Kim, Meehye (Food Additives and Packages Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety)
  • 최재천 (식품의약품안전처 첨가물포장과) ;
  • 박세종 (식품의약품안전처 첨가물포장과) ;
  • 박건우 (식품의약품안전처 첨가물포장과) ;
  • 민혜경 (경인지방식품의약품안전청 수입식품분석과) ;
  • 양지영 (경인지방식품의약품안전청 수입식품분석과) ;
  • 김미혜 (식품의약품안전처 첨가물포장과)
  • Received : 2014.09.30
  • Accepted : 2014.12.16
  • Published : 2015.03.30

Abstract

The purpose of our paper was to investigate the migration level of 4,4'-MDA(4,4'-methylenedianiline), 2,4-TDA(2,4-toluenediamine), aniline, acrylonitrile and methylmeth acrylate from plastic cookwares into food simulants and to evaluate the safety of each monomers. The test articles for monomers were PA (polyamide) items for 4,4'-MDA, 2,4-TDA and aniline, PU (polyurethane) items for 4,4'-MDA, ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene- styrene) items for acrylonitrile, and acrylic resin items for methylmethacrylate. All the article samples of 321 intended for contact with foods were purchased in domestic market. 4,4'-MDA, 2,4-TDA and aniline were analyzed by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography -tandem mass spectrometer), acrylonitrile by GC-NPD (gas chromatography-nitrogen phos phorus detector) and methyl methacrylate by GC-FID (gas chromatography-flame ionization detector). The migration level of monomers were within the migration limits of Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS). As a result of safety evaluation, our results showed that the estimated daily intake (EDI, mg/kg bw/day)s were $2.39{\times}10^{-9}$ and $1.20{\times}10^{-9}$ for 4,4'-MDA and 2,4-TDA of PA, $4.32{\times}10^{-9}$ for acrylonitrile of ABS and $2.27{\times}10^{-7}$ for methylmethacrylate of acrylic resin. Reference Dose (RfD, mg/kg bw/day) of acrylonitrile and tolerable daily intake (TDI, mg/kg bw/day) of methacrylate were established respectively as 0.001 by EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) and as 1.2 by WHO (World Health Organization). When comparing with RfD and TDI, the EDIs of acrylonitrile and methylmethacrylate accounted for $4.32{\times}10^{-4}%$ and $1.89{\times}10^{-5}%$ respectively.

국내 유통 중인 총 321건의 폴리아미드, 폴리우레탄, ABS, 아크릴 수지 재질 식품용 기구 중 이행우려가 있는 모노머인 4,4'-메틸렌디아닐린, 2,4-톨루엔디아민, 아닐린, 아크릴로니트릴 및 메틸메타크릴레이트에 대하여 이행량을 조사하고 안전성 평가를 실시하였다. 83건의 폴리아미드, ABS 및 아크릴 수지 재질 식품용 기구 검체에서 현행 식품용 기구 및 용기 포장 공전상의 용출규격 이하인 4,4'-메틸렌디아닐린, 2,4-톨루엔디아민, 아크릴로니트릴 및 메틸메타크릴레이트가 이행되었다. 이행량 결과를 토대로 안전성 평가 시나리오에 적용하여 4,4'-메틸렌디아닐린, 2,4-톨루엔디아민, 아크릴로니트릴 및 메틸메타크릴레이트의 EDI를 산출한 후 TDI와 비교하여 위해도를 평가하였다. EDI는 폴리아미드 재질 기구의 4,4'-메틸렌디아닐린과 2,4-톨루엔디아민의 경우 각각 $2.39{\times}10^{-9}$, 및 $1.20{\times}10^{-9}mg/kg\;bw/day$, ABS 재질 기구의 아크릴로니트릴의 경우 $4.32{\times}10^{-9}mg/kg\;bw/day$, 아크릴 수지 재질 기구 메틸메타크릴레이트의 경우 $2.27{\times}10^{-7}mg/kg\;bw/day$이었다. ABS 재질 기구 이행 아크릴로니트릴의 위해도는 RfD 대비 $4.32{\times}10^{-4}%$ 수준이었고, 아크릴 수지 재질 기구 이행 메틸메타크릴레이트의 위해도는 TDI 대비 $1.89{\times}10^{-5}%$ 수준이었다. 결론적으로 검토된 평가 항목들의 위해도는 TDI 대비 $4.32{\times}10^{-4}%$$1.89{\times}10^{-5}%$에 불과한 것으로 조사되어 안전한 수준인 것으로 사료되었다. 이러한 결과들은 앞으로 기구 및 용기 포장의 안전관리를 위한 과학적인 근거자료로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

References

  1. 문주석, 조양희, 유화춘; 기구.용기.포장의 안전성 확보 방안 수립에 관한 연구, 한국식품위생연구원(1997).
  2. 식품용 기구 및 용기.포장 공전, 식품의약품안전처(2013).
  3. http://www.foodpackagingforum.org/food-packaginghealth/food-packaging-materials
  4. Karen A. Barnes C. Richard Sinclair and D.H. Watson: Chemical migration and food contact materials, CRC Press (2007).
  5. Specifications and standards for foods, food additives, etc. under the food sanitation act (Abstract), Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO), (2010).
  6. Council directive on the approximation of the laws of the member states relating to ceramic articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs (84/500/EEC), European Communites, L110, 36, (2005).
  7. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Agents classified by the IARC monographs, 1-109, (2014).
  8. World Health Organization (WHO) :Chemical fact sheets, (2011).
  9. Opinion of the scientific committee on food on the 17th additional list of monomers and additives for food contact materials, SCF/CS/PM/GEN/M88 ADDENDUM final, 4 march 2002.
  10. http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst
  11. Guidance for industry: Preparation of premarket submission for food contact substances: Chemistry recommendations, US FDA (2007).
  12. 용기.포장 이행물질 안전 평가를 위한 기반 연구, 식품의약품안전평가원(2012).
  13. S. K. Mortensen, X. T. Trier, A. Foverskov, J. H. Petersen : Specific determination of 20 primary aromatic amines in aqueous food simulants by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A 1091, 40-50 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.026
  14. Elemental analysis manual, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2010).
  15. 기구 및 용기.포장 용출시험에 대한 식품 유형별 침출 용매 적용 가이드, 식품의약품안전처(2011).
  16. AOAC guidelines for singles laboratory validation of chemical methods for dietary supplements and botanicals, 1-38, (2002).
  17. S. Bratinova, B. Raffael, C. Simoneau : Guidelines for performance criteria and validation Precedures of analytical methods used in controls of food contact materials, 24105 EN (2009).
  18. Elison S. L. R., Roesslein M. L., Williams A. : Quantifying uncertainty in analytical mearusment, EURACHEM, 32-94 (2000).
  19. Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurment, Internatioanl Organization for Standrdization (ISO) (1995).
  20. 장영미, 엄미옥, 김양선, 김준현, 채정영, 이미선, 박은령, 남하영, 명정은, 합성수지제 재질병에 다른 원료물질 용출량 모니터링 연구, 식품의약품안전처 연구보고서(2011).
  21. 엄미옥. 윤혜정, 최현철, 전대훈, 김형일, 성준현, 박나영, 이은준, 이영자, LC-MS/MS를 이용한 나일론수지제 주방 기구 중 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane 이행량 실태조사, J. FD Hyg. Safety, 24(3), 211-216 (2009).
  22. D. Pezo,. M. Fedeli., O. Bosetti. and C. Nerin., Aromatic amines from polyurethane adhesives in food packaging : The challenge of identification and pattern recogition using Quadrupole-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta. 756, 49-59 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.031
  23. 채갑용, 임동길, 이광수, 정동윤, 김재이, 유현미, 합성수지 포장재 중 아크릴로니트릴 분석법 확립, 식품의약품안전처 연구보고서(2005).
  24. 2010년 국민영양통계 : 국민건강영양조사 제5기 1차년도 영양조사부문에 근거, 한국보건산업진흥원(2012).
  25. A 4-year rolling programme of surveys on chemical migrants from food contact materials and articles, survey 2 : primary aromatic amine migration from nylon kitchen utensils, Food Standards Agency (2010).