Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition (한국식품영양과학회지)

The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition (한국식품영양과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Salt-Related Dietary Attitudes, Behaviors, and Nutrition Knowledge of University Students according to Estimated Salt Intake Using Urinary Salt Signal

일부 남녀 대학생의 소변 중 Salt Signal로 추정한 소금 섭취량에 따른 소금 섭취 관련 식태도, 식행동, 영양지식에 관한 연구

  • Kim, Mi-Hyun (Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation) ;
  • Min, Daun (Department of Food and Nutrition, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Jang, Eungyoung (Department of Food and Nutrition, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Yeon, Jee-Young (Nutrition Safety Policy Division, Food Nutrition and Dietary Safety Bureau) ;
  • Kim, Jong Wook (International Cooperation Office, Director General for Planning and Coordination, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety) ;
  • Bae, Yun-Jung (Division of Food Science & Culinary Arts, Shinhan University)
  • 김미현 (한국교통대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 민다운 (강원대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 장은경 (강원대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 연지영 (식품의약품안전처 식품영양안전국 영양안전정책과) ;
  • 김종욱 (식품의약품안전처 기획조정관 국제협력담당관실) ;
  • 배윤정 (신한대학교 식품조리과학부)
  • Received : 2014.10.08
  • Accepted : 2015.01.02
  • Published : 2015.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate salt-related dietary attitudes, behaviors, and nutrition knowledge according to urinary salt signal of university students. Based on urinary salt signal, we classified subjects into an "adequate Na intake (ANI)" group (n=52) (salt ${\leq}6g$) and "excess Na intake (ENI)" group (n=66) (salt >6 g). Subjects were asked about general characteristics, lifestyle, salt-related dietary attitudes, behaviors, and nutritional knowledge using questionnaire. The ENI group had more subjects who were drinkers (P<0.05) compared to the ANI group. The ENI group (33.45) showed a significantly lower score in terms of salt-related dietary attitudes compared to the ANI group (35.50) (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the total score of salt-related dietary behavior between the groups. The score of nutrition knowledge was significantly higher in the ANI (9.77) group than in the ENI (8.82) group (P<0.05). The correlation analysis indicated that the urinary salt signal had a negative correlation with the salt-related dietary attitude score after adjustments for age, sex, and body mass index (r=-0.2100, P<0.05). These results support the validity of using the urinary salt signal to simplify estimation of sodium intake.

본 연구에서는 성인기 초반에 있는 대학생 118명을 대상으로 나트륨 섭취를 간단하게 평가할 수 있는 소변 중 salt signal을 사용하여 나트륨 섭취량을 추정하고 이에 따른 나트륨 섭취 관련 식행동 및 식태도를 조사하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 연령 및 신체계측 분석 결과 소변 중 salt signal에 따른 과잉섭취군의 경우 남자 대상자의 비율이 적정섭취군에 비해 유의적으로 높았으며 수축기혈압이 높은 경향을 보였다. 또한 체질량지수는 두 군간 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으며 생활습관 조사 결과 과잉섭취군의 경우 음주를 하는 비율이 적정섭취군에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 나트륨 관련 식태도에 대해 분석한 결과 11가지 항목에 대한 식태도 총 점수는 적정섭취군과 과잉섭취군에서 각각 35.50점과 33.45점으로 적정섭취군이 과잉섭취군에 비해 긍정적인 나트륨 관련 식태도를 가지는 것으로 나타났다(P<0.05). 나트륨 관련 식행동에 대해 분석한 결과 식행동 총점은 소변 중 salt signal에 따른 두 군간 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 나트륨 관련 영양지식을 조사한 결과 나트륨 관련 영양지식 총점에서 12점 만점 중 적정섭취군이 9.77점으로 과잉섭취군의 8.82점에 비해 유의적으로 높은 점수를 보였다(P<0.05). 소변 중 salt signal과 나트륨 관련 식태도, 식행동 및 영양지식과의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 연령, 성별 및 체질량지수를 보정했을 때 소변 중 salt signal에 따른 소금 함량은 나트륨 관련 식태도 총점과 음의 관련성을 보였다. 이상의 연구 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 대학생에서 소변 중 salt signal에 따라 과다한 소금 섭취를 보인 대상자의 경우 적정섭취를 보인 대상자에 비해 나트륨 관련 식태도가 좋지 않고 영양지식도 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과를 통해 소변 중 salt signal로 추정한 나트륨 섭취와 나트륨 관련 식행동과의 관련성을 제시할 수 있었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Statistics Korea. 2013. A statistical table of the cause of death, 2012. Statistics Korea, Daejeon, Korea.
  2. Chobanian AV, Hill M. 2000. National heart, lung, and blood institute workshop on sodium and blood pressure: a critical review of current scientific evidence. Hypertension 35: 858-863. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.35.4.858
  3. Fonseca-Alaniz MH, Brito LC, Borges-Silva CN, Takada J, Andreotti S, Lima FB. 2007. High dietary sodium intake increases white adipose tissue mass and plasma leptin in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 15: 2200-2208. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.261
  4. Neeland IJ, Turer AT, Ayers CR, Powell-Wiley TM, Vega GL, Farzaneh-Far R, Grundy SM, Khera A, McGuire DK, de Lemos JA. 2012. Dysfunctional adiposity and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in obese adults. JAMA 308: 1150-1159. https://doi.org/10.1001/2012.jama.11132
  5. Yoon YS, Oh SW. 2013. Sodium density and obesity; the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2010. Eur J Clin Nutr 67: 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2012.204
  6. Park B, Shin A, Park SK, Ko KP, Ma SH, Lee EH, Gwack J, Jung EJ, Cho LY, Yang JJ, Yoo KY. 2011. Ecological study for refrigerator use, salt, vegetable, and fruit intakes, and gastric cancer. Cancer Causes Control 22: 1497-1502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-011-9823-7
  7. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013. The fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-3). Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungbuk, Korea. p 484-524.
  8. The Korean Nutrition Society. 2010. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans. The Korean Nutrition Society, Seoul, Korea. p xxviii.
  9. Lee HS, Duffey KJ, Popkin BM. 2013. Sodium and potassium intake patterns and trends in South Korea. J Hum Hypertens 27: 298-303. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2012.43
  10. Son SM, Huh GY, Lee HS. 2005. Development and evaluation of validity of dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ) and short DFQ using Na index for estimation of habitual sodium intake. Korean J Community Nutr 10: 677-692.
  11. Son SM, Park YS, Lim WJ, Kim SB, Jeong YS. 2007. Development and evaluation of validity of short dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ) for estimation of habitual sodium intake for Korean adults. Korean J Community Nutr 12: 838-853.
  12. World Health Organization. 2006. Less salt, less risk of heart disease and stroke. Report of a WHO Forum and Technical Meeting. Geneva, Switzerland.
  13. Tanaka T, Okamura T, Miura K, Kadowaki T, Ueshima H, Nakagawa H, Hashimoto T. 2002. A simple method to estimate populational 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion using a casual urine specimen. J Hum Hypertens 16: 97-103. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001307
  14. Ilich JZ, Blanusa M, Orlić ZC, Orct T, Kostial K. 2009. Comparison of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, zinc, and creatinine concentration in 24-h and spot urine samples in women. Clin Chem Lab Med 47: 216-221.
  15. Jung EJ, Shim E. 2008. Salt-related dietary behaviors and sodium intakes of university students in Gyeonggi-do. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 37: 578-588. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2008.37.5.578
  16. Lee KA. 2014. Salt-related dietary behaviors of university students in Gyeongbuk area. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 43: 1122-1131. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2014.43.7.1122
  17. Park YS, Son SM, Lim WJ, Kim SB, Chung YS. 2008. Comparison of dietary behaviors related to sodium intake by gender and age. Korean J Community Nutr 13: 1-12.
  18. Lee YK, Son SM, Lee JJ, Lee HJ, Shin EK, Park MJ. 2007. A study on a scheme to reduce sodium intake, report of management center for health promotion. Report of Korean Health Promotion Center, Seoul, Korea.
  19. Kim HH, Jung YY, Lee YK. 2012. A comparison of salty taste assessments and dietary attitudes and dietary behaviors associated with high-salt diets in four regions in Korea. Korean J Community Nutr 17: 38-48. https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.1.38
  20. Sarmugam R, Worsley A, Wang W. 2013. An examination of the mediating role of salt knowledge and beliefs on the relationship between socio-demographic factors and discretionary salt use: a cross-sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 10: 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-25
  21. Shatenstein B, Nadon S, Godin C, Ferland G. 2005. Diet quality of Montreal-area adults needs improvement: estimates from a self-administered food frequency questionnaire furnishing a dietary indicator score. J Am Diet Assoc 105: 1251-1260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2005.05.008
  22. Yi SS, Kansagra SM. 2014. Associations of sodium intake with obesity, body mass index, waist circumference, and weight. Am J Prev Med 46: e53-e55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.02.005
  23. Koliaki C, Katsilambros N. 2013. Dietary sodium, potassium, and alcohol: key players in the pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of human hypertension. Nutr Rev 71: 402-411. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12036
  24. Duffy VB, Peterson JM, Bartoshuk LM. 2004. Associations between taste genetics, oral sensation and alcohol intake. Physiol Behav 82: 435-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.060
  25. Rittmueller SE, Corriveau A, Sharma S. 2012. Dietary quality and adequacy among Aboriginal alcohol consumers in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Int J Circumpolar Health 71: 17341. https://doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v71i0.17341
  26. Konstantinidis I, Chatziavramidis A, Printza A, Metaxas S, Constantinidis J. 2010. Effects of smoking on taste: assessment with contact endoscopy and taste strips. Laryngoscope 120: 1958-1963. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.21098
  27. Dyer AR, Elliott P, Stamler J, Chan Q, Ueshima H, Zhou BF. 2003. Dietary intake in male and female smokers, exsmokers, and never smokers: the INTERMAP study. J Hum Hypertens 17: 641-654. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001607
  28. Perron M, Endres J. 1985. Knowledge, attitudes, and dietary practices of female athletes. J Am Diet Assoc 85: 573-576.
  29. Takachi R, Ishihara J, Iwasaki M, Ishii Y, Tsugane S. 2014. Self-reported taste preference can be a proxy for daily sodium intake in middle-aged Japanese adults. J Acad Nutr Diet 114: 781-787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.07.043
  30. Lallukka T, Laaksonen M, Rahkonen O, Roos E, Lahelma E. 2007. Multiple socio-economic circumstances and healthy food habits. Eur J Clin Nutr 61: 701-710. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602583
  31. Papadakis S, Pipe AL, Moroz IA, Reid RD, Blanchard CM, Cote DF, Mark AE. 2010. Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours related to dietary sodium among 35- to 50-year-old Ontario residents. Can J Cardiol 26: e164-e169. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0828-282X(10)70384-6
  32. Jang JY, Kim MJ, Han JS. 2009. A study on food frequency, dietary habits and nutrition knowledge of the elderly who intake high sodium. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 38: 1362- 1372. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2009.38.10.1362

Cited by

  1. A Study on Sodium-related Dietary Attitude and Behaviors According to Sodium-related Nutrition Knowledge of University Students vol.20, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.5.327
  2. A Comparative Study on the Awareness of Health Risks and the Risk Reduction Measures Related to Sodium Intake between Female and Male University Students in Busan and Gyeongnam: An Application of Protection Motivation Theory vol.32, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.9724/kfcs.2016.32.1.136
  3. Effect of Protection Motivation Factors on Behavioral Intention to Reduce Sodium Intake among University Students in Gyeongnam and Busan vol.29, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2016.29.1.104
  4. Correlation analysis of sodium-related knowledge, dietary behavior, attitudes towards a low-salt diet and meal attitude guidance for elementary school teachers in Jeonbuk area vol.50, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2017.50.2.180