References
- Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209.
- Babault N, Pousson M, Michaut A, et al. Effect of quadriceps femoris muscle length on neural activation during isometric and concentric contractions. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003;94(3):983-990. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00717.2002
- Ballenberger N, von Piekartz H, Paris-Alemany A, et al. Influence of different upper cervical positions on electromyography activity of the masticatory muscles. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2012;35(4):308-318. http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2012.04.020
- Bonney RA, Corlett EN. Head posture and loading of the cervical spine. Appl Ergon. 2002;33(5):415-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(02)00036-4
- Catanzariti JF, Debuse T, Duquesnoy B. Chronic neck pain and masticatory dysfunction. Joint Bone Spine. 2005;72(6):515-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2004.10.007
- Criswell E. Cram's Introduction to Surface Electromyography. 2nd ed. Sudbury, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2010:262-265.
- Ding R, Logemann JA, Larson CR, et al. The effects of taste and consistency on swallow physiology in younger and older healthy individuals: A surface electromyographic study. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2003;46(4):977-989. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/076)
- Dworkin SF, LeResche L. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: Review, criteria, examinations and specifications, critique. J Craniomandib Disord. 1992;6(14):301-355.
- Forsberg CM, Hellsing E, Linder-Aronson S, et al. EMG activity in neck and masticatory muscles in relation to extension and flexion of the head. Eur J Orthod. 1985;7(3):177-184. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/7.3.177
- Garrett TR, Youdas JW, Madson TJ. Reliability of measuring forward head posture in a clinical setting. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1993;17(3):155-160. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1993.17.3.155
- Gonzalez HE, Manns A. Forward head posture: Its structural and functional influence on the stomatognathic system, a conceptual study. Cranio. 1996;14(1):71-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/08869634.1996.11745952
- Hackney J, Bade D, Clawson A. Relationship between forward head posture and diagnosed internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. J Orofac Pain. 1993;7(4):386-390.
- Heckathorne CW, Childress DS. Relationships of the surface electromyogram to the force, length, velocity, and contraction rate of the cineplastic human biceps. Am J Phys Med. 1981;60(1):1-19.
- Hibi H, Ueda M. Body posture during sleep and disc displacement in the temporomandibular joint: A pilot study. J Oral Rehabil. 2005;32(2):85-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2004.01386.x
- Higbie EJ, Seidel-Cobb D, Taylor LF, et al. Effect of head position on vertical mandibular opening. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1999;29(2):127-130. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1999.29.2.127
- Huggare JA, Raustia AM. Head posture and cervicovertebral and craniofacial morphology in patients with craniomandibular dysfunction. Cranio. 1992; 10(3):173-177; discussion 178-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/08869634.1992.11677908
- Imai H, Sakamoto I, Yoda T, et al. A model for internal derangement and osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint with experimental traction of the mandibular ramus in rabbit. Oral Dis. 2001;7(3):185-191. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-0825.2001.70308.x
- Juul-Kristensen B, Laursen B, Pilegaard M, et al. Physical workload during use of speech recognition and traditional computer input devices. Ergonomics. 2004;47(2):119-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130310001617912
- Kennedy PM, Cresswell AG. The effect of muscle length on motor-unit recruitment during isometric plantar flexion in humans. Exp Brain Res. 2001;137(1):58-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002210000623
- Kubo K, Tsunoda N, Kanehisa H, et al. Activation of agonist and antagonist muscles at different joint angles during maximal isometric efforts. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;91(2-3):349-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-1025-x
- La Touche R, Paris-Alemany A, von Piekartz H, et al. The influence of cranio-cervical posture on maximal mouth opening and pressure pain threshold in patients with myofascial temporomandibular pain disorders. Clin J Pain. 2011;27 (1):48-55. http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181edc157
- Lee WY, Okeson JP, Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head posture and temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1995;9(2):161-167.
- Lunnen JD, Yack J, LeVeau BF. Relationship between muscle length, muscle activity, and torque of the hamstring muscles. Phys Ther. 1981;61(2):190-195. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/61.2.190
- Milidonis MK, Kraus SL, Segal RL, et al. Genioglossi muscle activity in response to changes in anterior/ neutral head posture. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;103(1):39-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(93)70102-T
- Muto T, Kanazawa M. Positional change of the hyoid bone at maximal mouth opening. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994;77(5):451-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(94)90222-4
- Neumann DA. Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations for rehabilitation. 2nd ed. St Rouis, Mosby, 2010:431-433, 436-438, 451.
- Ohmure H, Miyawaki S, Nagata J, et al. Influence of forward head posture on condylar position. J Oral Rehabil. 2008;35(11):795-800. http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2007.01834.x
- Pancherz H, Winnberg A, Westesson PL. Masticatory muscle activity and hyoid bone behavior during cyclic jaw movements in man. A synchronized electromyographic and videofluorographic study. Am J Orthod. 1986;89(2):122-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(86)90088-6
- Pullinger AG, Solberg WK, Hollender L, et al. Tomographic analysis of mandibular condyle position in diagnostic subgroups of temporomandibular disorders. J Prosthet Dent. 1986;55(6):723-729. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(86)90450-6
- Radu M, Marandici M, Hottel TL. The effect of clenching on condylar position: A vector analysis model. J Prosthet Dent. 2004;91(2):171-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2003.10.011
- Rocha CP, Croci CS, Caria PH. Is there relationship between temporomandibular disorders and head and cervical posture? A systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2013;40(11):875-881. http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1111/joor.12104
- Thilander B, Rubio G, Pena L, et al. Prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction and its association with malocclusion in children and adolescents: An epidemiologic study related to specified stages of dental development. Angle Orthod. 2002;72(2):146-154.
- Thurow RC. Atlas of Orthodontic Principles. 2nd ed. St Louis, Mosby, 1977:373-375.
- Valenzuela S, Baeza M, Miralles R, et al. Laterotrusive occlusal schemes and their effect on supra- and infrahyoid electromyographic activity. Angle Orthod. 2006;76(4):585-590.
- Watson DH, Trott PH. Cervical headache: An investigation of natural head posture and upper cervical flexor muscle performance. Cephalalgia. 1993;13(4):272-284. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1993.1304272.x
- Winnberg A, Pancherz H, Westesson PL. Head posture and hyo-mandibular function in man. A synchronized electromyographic and videofluorographic study of the open-close-clench cycle. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988;94(5):393-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(88)90128-X