DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Tobacco (Kretek) Smoking, Betel Quid Chewing and Risk of Oral Cancer in a Selected Jakarta Population

  • 발행 : 2014.11.06

초록

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the association between tobacco consumption (kretek) and betel quid chewing with oral cancer risk. Materials and Methods: A total of 81 cases of oral cancers were matched with 162 controls in this hospital-based study. Information on sociodemographic characteristics and details of risk habits (duration, frequency and type of tobacco consumption and betel quid chewing) were collected. Association between smoking and betel quid chewing with oral cancer were analysed using conditional logistic regression. Results: Slightly more than half of the cases (55.6%) were smokers where 88.9% of them smoked kretek. After adjusting for confounders, smokers have two fold increased risk, while the risk for kretek consumers and those smoking for more than 10 years was increased to almost three-fold. Prevalence of betel quid chewing among cases and controls was low (7.4% and 1.9% respectively). Chewing of at least one quid per day, and quid combination of betel leaf, areca nut, lime and tobacco conferred a 5-6 fold increased risk. Conclusions: Smoking is positively associated with oral cancer risk. A similar direct association was also seen among betel quid chewers.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Achadi A, Soerojo W, Barber S (2005). The relevance and prospects of advancing tobacco control in Indonesia. Health Policy, 72, 333-49 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2004.09.009
  2. Aditama TY, Pradono J, Rahman K, et al (2008). Linking global youth tobacco survey (GYTS) data to the WHO framework convention on tobacco control: the case for Indonesia. Prev Med, 47, 11-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.05.003
  3. Al-Attas SA, Ibrahim SS, Amer HA, Darwish Zel-S, Hassan MH (2014). Prevalence of potentially malignant oral mucosal lesions among tobacco users in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 757-62. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.2.757
  4. Amarasinghe HK, Usgodaarachchi US, Johnson NW, Lalloo R, Warnakulasuriya S (2010). Betel-quid chewing with or without tobacco is a major risk factor for oral potentially malignant disorders in Sri Lanka: a case-control study. Oral Oncol, 46, 297-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.01.017
  5. Balaram P, Sridhar H, Rajkumar T, et al (2002). Oral cancer in southern India: the influence of smoking, drinking, paanchewing and oral hygiene. Int J Cancer, 98, 440-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.10200
  6. Bernida I, Yunus F, Wiyono WH, et al (1990). Faal paru dan uji bronkodilator pada perokok, bekas perokok dan bukan perokok. Majalah Paru, 10, 5-11.
  7. Dikshit R, Gupta PC, Ramasundarahettige C, et al (2012). Cancer mortality in India: a nationally representative survey. Lancet, 379, 1807-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60358-4
  8. Ghani WM, Razak IA, Yang YH, et al (2011). Factors affecting commencement and cessation of betel quid chewing behaviour in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health, 11, 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-82
  9. Ghani WM, Razak IA, Yang YH, et al (2012). Factors affecting commencement and cessation of smoking behaviour in Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health, 12, 207. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-207
  10. Hanusz M (2000). The history of kretek. Jakarta, Equinox Publishing, 140-3
  11. Heck JE, Marcotte EL, Argos M, et al (2012). Betel quid chewing in rural Bangladesh:prevalence, predictors and relationship to blood pressure. Int J Epidemiol, 41, 462-71. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr191
  12. Hoffmann D, Hoffmann I, El-Bayoumy K (2001). The less harmful cigarette: a controversial issue: A tribute to Ernst L. Wynder. Chem Res Toxicol, 14, 767-90. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx000260u
  13. IARC (2004). Betel-quid and areca nut chewing and some areca nut derived nitrosamines. In IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Lyon: IARC Press.
  14. IARC (1986). Tobacco smoking. In IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Lyon: IARC Press.
  15. Jayalekshmi PA, Gangadharan P, Akiba S, Koriyama C, Nair RR (2011). Oral cavity cancer risk in relation to tobacco chewing and bidi smoking among men in karunagappally, Kerala, India: karunagappally cohort study. Cancer Sci, 102, 460-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01785.x
  16. Knaresborough K (1999). Health effects of interaction between tobacco use and exposure to other agents. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
  17. Krishna Rao SV, Mejia G, Roberts-Thomson K, Logan R. (2013). Epidemiology of oral cancer in Asia in the past decade--an update (2000-2012). Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 5567-77. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.10.5567
  18. Lee CH, Ko AM, Warnakulasuriya S, et al (2011). Inter-country prevalences and practices of betel-quid use in South, South East and Eastern Asia regions and associated oral preneoplastic disorders: an international collaborative study by asian betel-quid consortium of South and East Asia. Int J Cancer, 129, 1741-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25809
  19. Lin CF, Wang JD, Chen PH, et al (2006). Predictors of betel quid chewing behavior and cessation patterns in Taiwan aborigines. BMC Public Health, 6, 271. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-271
  20. Lin WJ, Jiang RS, Wu SH, Chen FJ, Liu SA (2011). Smoking, alcohol, and betel quid and oral cancer: a prospective cohort study. J Oncol, 2011, 525976.
  21. Lin YS, Chu NF, Wu DM, Shen MH (2004). Prevalence and factors associated with the consumption of betel-nut among military conscripts in Taiwan. Eur J Epidemiol, 19, 343-51.
  22. Lin YS, Jen YM, Wang BB, Lee JC, Kang BH. (2005). Epidemiology of oral cavity cancer in Taiwan with emphasis on the role of betel nut chewing. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec, 67, 230-6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000089214
  23. Lissowska J, Pilarska A, Pilarski P, et al (2003). Smoking, alcohol, diet, dentition and sexual practices in the epidemiology of oral cancer in Poland. Eur J Cancer Prev, 12, 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200302000-00005
  24. Loyha K, Vatanasapt P, Promthet S, Parkin DM (2012). Risk factors for oral cancer in northeast Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 5087-90. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.10.5087
  25. Madani AH, Dikshit M, Bhaduri D (2012). Risk for oral cancer associated to smoking, smokeless and oral dip products. Indian J Pub Health, 56, 57-60. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-557X.96977
  26. Malson JL, Lee EM, Murty R, Moolchan ET (2003). Clove cigarette smoking: biochemical, physiological and subjective effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 74, 739-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(02)01076-6
  27. Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, Surkesnas Team (2005). National Health Survey 2004. Jakarta: Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, 5-22.
  28. Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia (2004). The tobacco sourcebook. Jakarta: ministry of health republic of Indonesia.
  29. Cerero-Lapiedra R, (2000). Risk of oral cancer associated with tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and oral hygiene: a case-control study in Madrid, Spain. Oral Oncol, 36, 170-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1368-8375(99)00084-6
  30. Muwonge R, Ramadas K, Sankila R, et al (2008). Role of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking in the risk of oral cancer in Trivandrum, India: a nested case-control design using incident cancer cases. Oral Oncol, 44, 446-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.06.002
  31. Ng N, Weinehall L (2006).'If I don't smoke, I'm not a real man'-Indonesian teenage boys' views about smoking. Health Educ Res, 22, 794-804. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyl104
  32. Nichter M, Padmawati S, Danardono M, et al (2009). Reading culture from tobacco advertisements in Indonesia. Tob Control, 18, 98-107. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2008.025809
  33. Pfeifer GP, Denissenko MF, Olivier M, et al (2002). Tobacco smoke carcinogens, DNA damage and p53 mutations in smoking-associated cancers. Oncogene, 21, 7435-51. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1205803
  34. Reynolds C (1999) The fourth largest market in the world. Tob Control, 8, 89-91. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.8.1.89
  35. Rodgman A, Smith CJ, Perfetti TA (2000). The composition of cigarette smoke: a retrospective, with emphasis on polycyclic components. Hum Exp Toxicol, 19, 573-95. https://doi.org/10.1191/096032700701546514
  36. Rosenquist K (2005). Risk factors in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a population-based case-control study in southern Sweden. Swed Dent J Suppl, 179, 1-66.
  37. Schlesselmen JJ (1982). Case control studies: design, conduct, analysis. New York: Oxford University Press, 105-122,171-220.
  38. Subapriya R, Thangavelu A, Mathavan B, Ramachandran CR, Nagini S. (2007). Assessment of risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma in Chidambaram, Southern India: a case-control study. Eur J Cancer Prev, 16, 251-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.cej.0000228402.53106.9e
  39. Sujatha D, Hebbar PB, Pai A (2012). Prevalence and correlation of oral lesions among tobacco smokers, tobacco chewers, areca nut and alcohol users. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, 1633-7. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.4.1633
  40. Tjandra YA (2006). Rokok di Indonesia. Jakarta: UI Press, 3.
  41. Tsai KY, Su CC, Lin YY, Chung JA, Lian IB (2009). Quantification of betel quid chewing and cigarette smoking in oral cancer patients. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 37, 555-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2009.00504.x
  42. Wang SC, Tsai CC, Huang ST, Hong YJ (2003). Betel nut chewing and related factors in adolescent students in Taiwan. Public Health, 117, 339-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3506(03)00082-9
  43. Wen CP, Tsai SP, Cheng TY, et al (2005). Uncovering the relation between betel quid chewing and cigarette smoking in Taiwan. Tob Control, 14, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2004.008003
  44. Wynder EL, Bross IJ (1957). Aetiological factors in mouth cancer; an approach to its prevention. Br Med J, 1, 1137-43. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5028.1137
  45. Yang YH, Lee HY, Tung S, Shieh TY (2001). Epidemiological survey of oral submucous fibrosis and leukoplakia in aborigines of Taiwan. J Oral Pathol Med, 30, 213-9. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0714.2001.300404.x
  46. Zavras AI, Douglass CW, Joshipura K, et al (2001). Smoking and alcohol in the etiology of oral cancer: gender-specific risk profiles in the south of Greece. Oral Oncol, 37, 28-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1368-8375(00)00060-9
  47. Znaor A, Brennan P, Gajalakshmi V, et al (2003). Independent and combined effects of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking on the risk of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancers in Indian men. Int J Cancer, 105, 681-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.11114

피인용 문헌

  1. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Associated Risk Factors in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: A Hospital Based Case Control Study vol.16, pp.10, 2015, https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.10.4335
  2. Epidemiology of Oral Cancer in Iran: a Systematic Review vol.16, pp.13, 2015, https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.13.5427
  3. Influence of the CYP1A1 T3801C Polymorphism on Tobacco and Alcohol-Associated Head and Neck Cancer Susceptibility in Northeast India vol.16, pp.16, 2015, https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.16.6953
  4. Time Trend Analysis of Oral Cancer in Iran from 2005 to 2010 vol.17, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.3.1421
  5. How is Indonesia coping with its epidemic of chronic noncommunicable diseases? A systematic review with meta-analysis vol.12, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179186
  6. Public awareness of oral cancer among adults in Jakarta, Indonesia pp.20411618, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1111/jicd.12379
  7. Areca nut trade, globalisation and its health impact: perspectives from India and South-east Asia pp.1757-9147, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913918785398