Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

The Korea Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine (대한기생충학·열대의학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Bronchopulmonary Infection of Lophomonas blattarum: A Case and Literature Review

  • Xue, Jian (School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University) ;
  • Li, Ying-Li (School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University) ;
  • Yu, Xue-Mei (Department of Inspection, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University) ;
  • Li, Dai-Kun (Department of Inspection, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University) ;
  • Liu, Ming-Fang (Department of Inspection, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University) ;
  • Qiu, Jing-Fu (School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University) ;
  • Xue, Jian-Jiang (Department of Inspection, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University)
  • Received : 2013.12.30
  • Accepted : 2014.09.06
  • Published : 2014.10.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Human infections with Lophomonas blattarum are rare. However, the majority of the infections occurred in China, 94.4% (136 cases) of all cases in the world. This infection is difficult to differentiate from other pulmonary infections with similar symptoms. Here we reported a case of L. blattarum infection confirmed by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid smear on the microscopic observations. The patient was a 21-year-old female college student. The previous case which occurred in Chongqing was 20 years ago. We briefly reviewed on this infection reported in the world during the recent 20 years. The epidemiological characteristics, possible diagnostic basis, and treatment of this disease is discussed in order to provide a better understanding of recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of L. blattarum infection.

Keywords

References

  1. Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Andersen OR, Barta JR, Bowser SS, Brugerolle G, Fensome RA, Fredericq S, James TY, Karpov S, Kugrens P, Krug J, Lane CE, Lewis LA, Lodge J, Lynn DH, Mann DG, McCourt RM, Mendoza L, Moestrup O, Mozley-Standridge SE, Nerad TA, Shearer CA, Smirnov AV, Spiegel FW, Taylor MFJ. The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2005; 52: 399-451. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x
  2. He Q, Chen X, Lin B, Qu L, Wu J, Chen J. Late onset pulmonary Lophomonas blattarum infection in renal transplantation: a report of two cases. Intern Med 2011; 50: 1039-1043. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.50.4672
  3. Zhang CF, Zhang C, Gao HF. A case of bronchopulmonary infection caused by hypermastigote accompanied with tuberculosis and review of the literature. Chinese J Pract Intern Med 2008; 28: 1093-1094 (in Chinese).
  4. Zerpa R, Ore E, Patino L, Espinoza YA. Lophomonas spp. in respiratory tract secretions in hospitalized children with severe lung disease. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 2010; 27: 575-577. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1726-46342010000400013
  5. Martinez-Giron R, Ribas A, Astudillo-Gonzalez A. Flagellated protozoa in cockroaches and sputum: the unhygienic connection? Allergy Asthma Proc 2007; 28: 608-609. https://doi.org/10.2500/aap2007.28.3042
  6. Martinez-Giron R, Doganci L. Lophomonas blattarum: a bronchopulmonary pathogen. Acta Cytol 2010; 54 (5 suppl): 1050-1051.
  7. Silvanose CD, Bailey TA, Samour JH, Naldo JL. Intestinal protozoa and associated bacteria in captive houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata) in the United Arab Emirates. Avian Pathol 1999; 28: 94-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079459995109
  8. Chen SX, Meng ZX. Report on one case of Lophomonas blattarum in the respiratory tract. Chinese J Parasitol Parasit Dis 1993; 11: 28 (in Chinese).
  9. Bai M, Yao X, Li Q. Report on one case of lung infection with hypermastigote. Chinese J Intern Med 2004; 43: 868-869 (in Chinese).
  10. Chen CE, Liu DG. Report on one case of Lophomonas blattarum in urine. Chinese J Lab Diagn 2003; 7: 131-131 (in Chinese).
  11. Chen XR, Zheng R, Zhang TT. Report on one case of Lophomonas blattarum-fungi coinfection. Pract Prevent Med (China) 2013; 20: 62-64 (in Chinese).
  12. Chen Y. Report on one case of pregnancy with reproductive system infection with Lophomonas blattarum. Tianjin Med J 2013; 41: 93-94 (in Chinese).
  13. Feng Y, Ge GX. Report on two cases of lower respiratory tract infection caused by Lophomonas blattarum. Chinese J Clin Infect Dis 2012; 5: 306-307 (in Chinese).
  14. Kang JF, Wu LM, Zhang W, Yu F, Zhao T, Ye LB. Report on one case of Lophomonas blattarum in the pulmonary cyst. Clin Focus (China) 2008; 23: 63 (in Chinese).
  15. Kang SX, Wang M, Zhang LH, Huang NL. Report on one case of Lophomonas blattarum in the pharynx. Hebei Med J 2005; 27: 812 (in Chinese).
  16. Li CM, Zhou HL. Report on one case of sinuses infection with Lophomonas blattarum in newborn. J Qiqihar Med Coll 2009; 30: 256-257 (in Chinese).
  17. Liu B, Jing LY, Lei DL, Chen SM. Report of one case of lung infection with Lophomonas blattarum. Chinese J Intern Med 2007; 46: 665 (in Chinese).
  18. Liu ZJ, Sun JX, Wang DJ, Liu XF, Cao J, Zhang J. Report of one case of Lophomonas infection in the sputum of respiratory infection. J Pathog Biol (China) 2007; 2: 12 (in Chinese).
  19. Liu ZR, Wang X. Discussion and research of respiratory infection with Lophomonas blattarum in 24 patients. Harbin Med J 2010; 30: 20 (in Chinese).
  20. Lu ZM, Lin YT, Zhang XC, Wang Y, Tang HW, Zhang JX. Report of one case of Lophomonas blattarum infection in the maxillary sinus. Chinese J Parasitol Parasit Dis 2010; 28: 421-422 (in Chinese).
  21. Miao M, Wu DP, Sun AN, Liu YJ, Yan LZ, Wu XJ. Report of one case of pulmonary Lophomonas blattarum infection in a patient with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Chinese J Intern Med 2008; 47: 837-838 (in Chinese).
  22. Nie X, Yao X, Huang Y. Report of a case of amiodarone pneumonitis with hypermastigote lung infection and review of the literature. Chinese J Intern Tuberc Respir Dis 2006; 29: 310-312 (in Chinese).
  23. Shi YL, Li LH, Liao Y, Li XN, Huang XY, Liu J, Wang Y, Cao C. Diagnosis and treatment of Lophomonas blattarum infection in 26 patients with bacterial pneumonia. Chinese J Parasitol Parasit Dis 2007; 25: 430-431 (in Chinese).
  24. Sun ZY, Lu GM, Wu XS, Huang W, Wang ZQ, Zheng L, Wang JP. Imaging characteristics of pulmonary Lophomonas blattarum infection: case report and literature review. Chinese J Radiol 2009; 43: 20-22 (in Chinese).
  25. Wang HE, Zhang JR, Shu MZ. Report of one case of Lophomonas blattarum infection in the maxillary sinuses. Chinese J Otorhinolaryngol Integ Med 1998; 6: 170-172 (in Chinese).
  26. Wang Y, Tang Z, Ji S, Zhang Z, Chen J, Cheng Z, Cheng D, Liu Z, Li L. Pulmonary Lophomonas blattarum infection in patients with kidney allograft transplantation. Transpl Int 2006; 19: 1006-1013. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-2277.2006.00380.x
  27. Wu W. Hypermastigote in the bronchoalveolar lavage. Clin Focus (China) 2009; 24: 3 (in Chinese).
  28. Xia YQ. Hypermastigote found in the sputum of a patient with asthma. Chinese J Parasitol Parasit Dis 1997; 15: 417 (in Chinese).
  29. Xie BY, Feng GH, Zhu LY, Gong ZH: Three cases of lung infections with Lophomonas blattarum and review of the literature. Chinese J Coal Indust Med 2008; 11: 136-138 (in Chinese).
  30. Xue Q, Li SQ, Jiao WK, Deng XY, Wu JH, Cheng Y. One case report and literature review of pulmonary abscess induced by Lophomonas blattarum. Chinese J Lung Dis 2012; 5: 149-152 (in Chinese).
  31. Yang YP, Dong HF, Wang RF. Report of one case of Lophomonas blattarum in the sputum. Lab Med (China) 2000; 15: 35 (in Chinese).
  32. Yao G, Zhou B, Zeng L. Imaging characteristics of bronchopulmonary Lophomonas blattarum infection: case report and literature review. J Thorac Imaging 2009; 24: 49-51. https://doi.org/10.1097/RTI.0b013e31818c6b72
  33. Yao GZ, Cheng SK, Chang ZS. Report of one case of bronchopulmonary infection with Lophomonas blattarum. Chinese J Intern Tuberc Respir Dis 1999; 22: 507 (in Chinese).
  34. Zhang F, Li RS, Zhang HX, Cai LM, Wu ZX, Qian YX, Tong DS. Report on two cases of bronchopulmonary infection with hypermastigote. J Clin Med Pract (China) 2010; 14: 83-84 (in Chinese).
  35. Zhang PY, Zhang GQ, Xie GG, Jin XQ, Zhou X. Different pathogens and prognostic factors of renal transplant recipients with lung infection in 46 cases. J Clin Rehab Tissue Engin Res (China) 2009; 13: 931-934 (in Chinese).
  36. Zhang RS, Lu L, Zhang DH, Wang X, Liu YX. Report of one case of pulmonary Lophomonas blattarum infection in a patient with liver allograft transplantation. Chinese J Organ Transplant 2010; 31: 767-768 (in Chinese).
  37. Zhang X, Xu L, Wang LL, Liu S, Li J, Wang X. Bronchopulmonary infection with Lophomonas blattarum: a case report and literature review. J Int Med Res 2011; 39: 944-949. https://doi.org/10.1177/147323001103900329
  38. Zhou Y, Xie YP, Li YG, Jin XR, Li XL. Pulmonary Lophomonas blattarum infection. Chinese J Nosocomiol 2013; 23: 2819-2820 (in Chinese).
  39. Zhou YP, Chen XK, Liu H, Huang Lie, Lu XD, Chen X. Clinical analysis of 32 cases of hypermastigote in lower respiratory tract infection. Chinese J Infect Chemother 2011; 11: 16-18 (in Chinese).
  40. Kudo RR. Protozoology. Illinois, USA. Charles C. Thomas. 1966.
  41. Martinez-Giron R, van Woerden HC, Doganci L. Lophomonas misidentification in bronchoalveolar lavages. Intern Med 2011; 50: 2721. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.50.5878

Cited by

  1. On Cilia, Flagella, and Pulmonary Pseudoprotozoa vol.53, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.247
  2. Lophomonas blattarum infection in immunocompetent patient vol.33, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-2113.192867
  3. Lophomonas blattarum Infection or Just the Movement of Ciliated Epithelial Cells? vol.129, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.178025
  4. Authenticity of pulmonary Lophomonas blattarum infection: A case report vol.7, pp.1, 2019, https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v7.i1.95
  5. First Molecular Diagnosis of Lophomoniasis: the End of a Controversial Story vol.64, pp.2, 2019, https://doi.org/10.2478/s11686-019-00084-2
  6. Lophomonas blattarum : A new flagellate causing respiratory tract infections vol.10, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.4103/tp.tp_81_19
  7. Pulmonary Infection with Lophomonas blattarum vol.88, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03311-1
  8. Pulmonary Infection with Lophomonas blattarum vol.88, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03311-1
  9. Morphological and Molecular Identification of Emerged Lophomonas blattarum Infection in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran: First Registry-Based Study vol.66, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-021-00422-3