Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

The Korean Pediatric Society (대한소아청소년과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment for children born small for gestational age

  • Hwang, Il Tae (Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University College of Medicine)
  • Received : 2013.12.01
  • Accepted : 2014.06.27
  • Published : 2014.09.10
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Recombinant growth hormone (GH) is an effective treatment for short children who are born small for gestational age (SGA). Short children born SGA who fail to demonstrate catch-up growth by 2-4 years of age are candidates for GH treatment initiated to achieve catch-up growth to a normal height in early childhood, maintain a normal height gain throughout childhood, and achieve an adult height within the normal target range. GH treatment at a dose of $35-70{\mu}g/kg/day$ should be considered for those with very marked growth retardation, as these patients require rapid catch-up growth. Factors associated with response to GH treatment during the initial 2-3 years of therapy include age and height standard deviation scores at the start of therapy, midparental height, and GH dose. Adverse events due to GH treatment are no more common in the SGA population than in other conditions treated with GH. Early surveillance in growth clinics is strongly recommended for children born SGA who have not caught up. Although high dose of up to 0.067 mg/kg/day are relatively safe for short children with growth failure, clinicians need to remain aware of long-term mortality and morbidity after GH treatment.

Keywords

References

  1. Saenger P, Czernichow P, Hughes I, Reiter EO. Small for gestational age: short stature and beyond. Endocr Rev 2007;28:219-51.
  2. Karlberg J, Albertsson-Wikland K. Growth in full-term small-for-gestational-age infants: from birth to final height. Pediatr Res 1995;38:733-9.
  3. Tuvemo T, Cnattingius S, Jonsson B. Prediction of male adult stature using anthropometric data at birth: a nationwide population-based study. Pediatr Res 1999;46:491-5.
  4. Hokken-Koelega AC, De Ridder MA, Lemmen RJ, Den Hartog H, De Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Drop SL. Children born small for gestational age: do they catch up? Pediatr Res 1995;38:267-71.
  5. Tanner JM, Ham TJ. Low birthweight dwarfism with asymmetry (Silver's syndrome): treatment with human growth hormone. Arch Dis Child 1969;44:231-43.
  6. Lee PA, Blizzard RM, Cheek DB, Holt AB. Growth and body composition in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) before and during human growth hormone administration. Metabolism 1974;23:913-9.
  7. de Zegher F, Hokken-Koelega A. Growth hormone therapy for children born small for gestational age: height gain is less dose dependent over the long term than over the short term. Pediatrics 2005;115:e458-62.
  8. Korea Statistical Information Service [Internet]. Daejeon: Korea Statistical Information Service; [cited 2013 Jan 8]. Available from: http//www.kosis.kr.
  9. The incidence of low birth weight: a critical review of available information. World Health Stat Q 1980;33:197-224.
  10. Lubchenco LO, Hansman C, Dressler M, Boyd E. Intrauterine growth as estimated from liveborn birth-weight data at 24 to 42 weeks of gestation. Pediatrics 1963;32:793-800.
  11. Lubchenco LO, Hansman C, Boyd E. Intrauterine growth in length and head circumference as estimated from live births at gestational ages from 26 to 42 weeks. Pediatrics 1966;37:403-8.
  12. Bernstein PS, Divon MY. Etiologies of fetal growth restriction. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1997;40:723-9.
  13. Keller C, Keller KR, Shew SB, Plon SE. Growth deficiency and malnutrition in Bloom syndrome. J Pediatr 1999;134:472-9.
  14. Wollmann HA. Intrauterine growth restriction: definition and etiology. Horm Res. 1998;49 Suppl 2:1-6.
  15. Kramer MS. Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ 1987;65:663-737.
  16. Gibson AT, Carney S, Cavazzoni E, Wales JK. Neonatal and post-natal growth. Horm Res 2000;53 Suppl 1:42-9.
  17. Leger J, Levy-Marchal C, Bloch J, Pinet A, Chevenne D, Porquet D, et al. Reduced final height and indications for insulin resistance in 20 year olds born small for gestational age: regional cohort study. BMJ 1997;315:341-7.
  18. Albertsson-Wikland K, Karlberg J. Postnatal growth of children born small for gestational age. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1997;423:193-5.
  19. de Waal WJ, Hokken-Koelega AC, Stijnen T, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Drop SL. Endogenous and stimulated GH secretion, urinary GH excretion, and plasma IGF-I and IGF-II levels in prepubertal children with short stature after intrauterine growth retardation. The Dutch Working Group on Growth Hormone. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994;41:621-30.
  20. Albertsson-Wikland K. Growth hormone secretion and growth hormone treatment in children with intrauterine growth retardation. Swedish Paediatric Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 1989;349:35-41.
  21. Stanhope R, Ackland F, Hamill G, Clayton J, Jones J, Preece MA. Physiological growth hormone secretion and response to growth hormone treatment in children with short stature and intrauterine growth retardation. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 1989;349:47-52.
  22. Boguszewski M, Rosberg S, Albertsson-Wikland K. Spontaneous 24-hour growth hormone profiles in prepubertal small for gestational age children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:2599-606.
  23. Azcona C, Albanese A, Bareille P, Stanhope R. Growth hormone treatment in growth hormone-sufficient and -insufficient children with intrauterine growth retardation/Russell-Silver syndrome. Horm Res 1998;50:22-7.
  24. Job JC, Rolland A. Natural history of intrauterine growth retardation: pubertal growth and adult height. Arch Fr Pediatr 1986;43:301-6.
  25. Clayton PE, Cianfarani S, Czernichow P, Johannsson G, Rapaport R, Rogol A. Management of the child born small for gestational age through to adulthood: a consensus statement of the International Societies of Pediatric Endocrinology and the Growth Hormone Research Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:804-10.
  26. Butenandt O, Lang G. Recombinant human growth hormone in short children born small for gestational age. German Study Group. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1997;10:275-82.
  27. Lee KH, Lee BC, Ko CW, Jin DK, Yang SW, Yoo HW, et al. A Single-Arm, Phase III Study to Assess Efficacy and Safety after 6-Month-Treatment of Eutropin(TM) Inj. (Recombinant Human Growth Hormone) in Prepubertal Children with Short Stature due to Small for Gestational Age. J Korean Soc Pediatr Endocrinol 2011;16:157-64.
  28. Sas T, de Waal W, Mulder P, Houdijk M, Jansen M, Reeser M, et al. Growth hormone treatment in children with short stature born small for gestational age: 5-year results of a randomized, double-blind, dose-response trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:3064-70.
  29. Ranke MB, Lindberg A, Cowell CT, Wikland KA, Reiter EO, Wilton P, et al. Prediction of response to growth hormone treatment in short children born small for gestational age: analysis of data from KIGS (Pharmacia International Growth Database). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:125-31.
  30. Van Pareren Y, Mulder P, Houdijk M, Jansen M, Reeser M, Hokken-Koelega A. Adult height after long-term, continuous growth hormone (GH) treatment in short children born small for gestational age: results of a randomized, double-blind, dose-response GH trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:3584-90.
  31. de Zegher F, Albertsson-Wikland K, Wollmann HA, Chatelain P, Chaussain JL, Lofstrom A, et al. Growth hormone treatment of short children born small for gestational age: growth responses with continuous and discontinuous regimens over 6 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2816-21.
  32. Coutant R, Carel JC, Letrait M, Bouvattier C, Chatelain P, Coste J, et al. Short stature associated with intrauterine growth retardation: final height of untreated and growth hormone-treated children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:1070-4.
  33. Zucchini S, Cacciari E, Balsamo A, Cicognani A, Tassinari D, Barbieri E, et al. Final height of short subjects of low birth weight with and without growth hormone treatment. Arch Dis Child 2001;84:340-3.
  34. Ranke MB, Lindberg A. Growth hormone treatment of short children born small for gestational age or with Silver-Russell syndrome: results from KIGS (Kabi International Growth Study), including the first report on final height. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1996;417:18-26.
  35. Fjellestad-Paulsen A, Simon D, Czernichow P. Short children born small for gestational age and treated with growth hormone for three years have an important catch-down five years after discontinuation of treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:1234-9.
  36. Sas T, Mulder P, Hokken-Koelega A. Body composition, blood pressure, and lipid metabolism before and during long-term growth hormone (GH) treatment in children with short stature born small for gestational age either with or without GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3786-92.
  37. Sas TC, Gerver WJ, De Bruin R, Mulder PG, Cole TJ, De Waal W, et al. Body proportions during 6 years of GH treatment in children with short stature born small for gestational age participating in a randomised, double-blind, dose-response trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000;53:675-81.
  38. Leger J, Garel C, Fjellestad-Paulsen A, Hassan M, Czernichow P. Human growth hormone treatment of short-stature children born small for gestational age: effect on muscle and adipose tissue mass during a 3-year treatment period and after 1 year's withdrawal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:3512-6.
  39. Carel JC, Ecosse E, Landier F, Meguellati-Hakkas D, Kaguelidou F, Rey G, et al. Long-term mortality after recombinant growth hormone treatment for isolated growth hormone deficiency or childhood short stature: preliminary report of the French SAGhE study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:416-25.

Cited by

  1. A randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of liquid versus powdered recombinant human growth hormone in treating patients with severe burns vol.4, pp.5, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2016.635
  2. Growth Hormone Treatment in Children Born Small for Gestational Age (SGA) vol.39, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.2478/prilozi-2018-0034
  3. First-year predictors of health-related quality of life changes in short-statured children treated with human growth hormone vol.42, pp.9, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-019-01027-4
  4. Effect of growth hormone treatment on children with idiopathic short stature (ISS), idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (IGHD), small for gestational age (SGA) and Turner syndrome (TS) in a tertiary vol.91, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i1.9182
  5. Efficacy and safety of the recombinant human growth hormone in short children born small for gestational age : A randomized, multicentre, comparative phase III trial vol.100, pp.30, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000026711
  6. Factors influencing growth hormone therapy effect during the prepubertal period in small for gestational age children without catch-up growth vol.26, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2040096.048